NUTRITION AND AGING

Question 1

اللهمّ أكرمني بجودة الحفظ وسرعة الفهم وثبات العقل والذهن والذاكرة بحق قولك: «الرَّحْمَـنُ، عَلَّمَ الْقُرْآنَ، خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ، عَلَّمَهُ الْبَيَانَ، الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍ».

Answer 1

آمين🧡🧡

Question 2

Pure vegetarians (vegans)

Answer 2

vegetarians who eat plants only, as cereals, legumes, nuts, fruit and vegetables.

Question 3

Lacto-vegetarians

Answer 3

vegetarians who eat dairy products.

Question 4

Ovo-vegetarians

Answer 4

vegetarians who eat eggs.

Question 5

In general, a well balanced vegetarian diet containing grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits and nuts is likely to provide more of the following nutrients:

Answer 5

Folate
Vitamin C 
Carotene
Potassium 
Vitamin E 
Thiamine

Question 6

There are a number of deficiencies that may develop from the exclusion of meat and dairy products:

Answer 6

Iron 
Vitamin B12 
Iodine 
Vitamin A 
Zinc 
Calcium 
n-3 fatty acids
📌📌

Attention should be given to these nutrients in the diets of vegetarian children and adolescents, because of their high nutritional needs.
However, there is little evidence for a deficiency of most of these nutrients among vegetarian adults.

Question 7

Elderly or “older adults” are people whose ages are

Answer 7

65 years or more.

Question 8

Nutritional requirements for the

elderly are similar to those of younger adults, but there is a______ energy requirement.

Answer 8

lower

Question 9

The diet for elderly should contain__________ of nutrients as for younger adults

Answer 9

the same proportions

Question 10

Elderly people are at increasing risk of having marginal nutrition resulting from:

Answer 10

📌The aging process itself.
📌Increased incidence of diseases.
📌Socioeconomic factors.

Question 11

The aging process and nutritional status

Answer 11

📌Sensory system/Mobility. 
📌Gastrointestinal system. 
📌Kidney function.
📌Lean tissues (muscles).
📌Immune system.
📌Nervous system.

Question 12

Sensory system/Mobility:

1-______ of sensitivity to taste and smell, which is a normal feature of aging, can affect the palatability of food and______ intake.
2-______ mobility, often due to arthritis, decreases access to food shops and ability to prepare food.

Answer 12

1- Loss, decrease

2- Reduced

Question 13

Gastrointestinal system
Loss of teeth and wearing of dentures can affect food intake.
📌There is a……………… secretion of acid and enzymes in the stomach, and a………………… in pancreatic function, leading to poorer digestion.
📌Gut motility is……… which prolongs the digestion time to compensate for the poorer enzyme secretions.

Answer 13

reduced, decrease

slowed,,, However, slow gut motility often leads to constipation.

Question 14

Kidney function
The active renal mass________ with age. Consequently, the kidneys may have a poorer ability to concentrate the urine.
📌In addition, thirst mechanisms become______ sensitive.
📌Thus, if adequate fluid intake is not maintained, the elderly can easily become dehydrated.
🔴🔴🔴Dehydration is a real problem in elderly.

Answer 14

declines

less

Question 15

Lean tissues (muscles) There is a progressive\_\_\_\_\_ of lean tissues throughout life. 
This results in\_\_\_\_\_\_ basal metabolic rate and a\_\_\_\_\_ energy requirement.

Answer 15

loss

reduced, reduced

🔴So, food intake should balance energy requirement to avoid weight gain.
🔴Physical activity is important to minimize the loss of lean tissues.

Question 16

Infections will impair the appetite________ food intake, which will further impair the immunity.

Answer 16

decreasing

The immune system becomes less efficient with aging resulting in a higher risk of infections.

Question 17

Cognitive function may decline with age which can affect the food intake(—-)
🔺🔺______&_______are the most common causes of cognitive impairment that impair food intake.

Answer 17

✅✅✅

Dementia (memory impairment) and depression

Question 18

Factors increasing the risk of osteomalacia/ osteoporosis among elderly

Answer 18

🔺Reduced sunlight exposure.
🔺Aging skin reduces skin production of
vitamin D.
🔺Increased incidence of atrophic gastritis with age, resulting in reduced GIT absorption of calcium.
🔺Decrease the intake of calcium- rich foods.
🔺Diuretics??جميعها تقلل الكالسيوم لفل ما عدا
Thiazide تحسن نسبة الكالسيوم في الدم

Question 19

Appetite may be reduced by coexisting diseases or by drugs used in their treatment.
 Drugs may decrease the appetite, induce nausea or vomiting or interfere with taste.
 The presence of diseases in elderly may alter their nutritional needs.
Dr. Samar

Answer 19

زهقت

Question 20

Socioeconomic factors and nutritional status

Answer 20

🔴Poverty
🔴Lack of education
🔴Social isolation

Question 21

Elderly people should be encouraged to maintain adequate food intake, unless they are obese, to satisfy their needs.
 Maintaining physical activity can help to promote appetite and preserve muscles.

Answer 21

مهم

Question 22

Special nutritional requirements for the elderly

Answer 22

Vitamin D supplements (10-15 μg or 400-600 IU/day) may be required for the elderly, as often these people are housebound.
 Daily calcium intake of 1200-1500 mg is recommended, due to the high prevalence of osteoporosis among elderly.
 Drinking of six to eight cups of water per day is strongly recommended to prevent dehydration.

Question 24

اللهم افتح لي أبواب حكمتك، وانشر عليّ رحمتك، وامنن عليّ بالحفظ والفهم، سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا، إنّك أنت العليم الحكيم.

Answer 24

💜