Nutrition and Nutrients

Question 1

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Answer 1

C, H, and O

Question 2

a monosaccharide has how many sugar molecules?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

Fructose, glucose, galactose, or mannose are (pentoses/hexose)

Answer 3

Hexose

Question 4

Arabinose, ribose, and xylose are (hexose/pentoses)

Answer 4

pentoses

Question 5

Disaccharides have how many sugar molecules?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

What are some examples of disaccharides?

Answer 6

lactose, maltose, or sucrose.

Question 7

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 7

cellulose, glycogen, starch, gums, hemicellulose.

Question 8

Protein is found in the highest concentration where?

Answer 8

in all living organisms (after water).

Question 9

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 9

amino acids.

Question 10

What are some essential amino acids?

Answer 10

Taurine (in cats), tryptophan, valine, threonin, phenylalanine, lysine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, and arginine.

Question 11

What are some non-essential AAs?

Answer 11

alanine, aspartic acid, citrulline, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, serine, and tyrosine.

Question 12

What amino acids are low in cereals?

Answer 12

lysine, methionine, and tryptophan.

Question 13

Why are lipids important from a nutritional standpoint?

Answer 13

They (along with fats) are used to supply energy and as a source of essential fatty acids in the diet.

Question 14

What makes a fatty acid saturated?

Answer 14

When all bonds in the C are taken by H.

Question 15

What are essential fatty acids?

Answer 15

lipids an animal requires but is unable to synthesize themselves.

Question 16

What are some common signs of deficiency in essential fatty acids?

Answer 16

scaly skin, necrosis of the tail, poor feathering. Not common in mammals, but common in poultry.

Question 17

What are minerals?

Answer 17

inorganic components of the diet that cannot be decomposed or synthesized by chemical reactions.

Question 18

What is the difference between macro-minerals and micro-minerals?

Answer 18

macrominerals are found in concentrations above 100ppm, while microminerals are found in concentrations less than 100ppm

Question 19

What are some examples of macro-minerals?

Answer 19

calcium, phosphorous, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulphur.

Question 20

Most minerals found in the animal body are part of what?

Answer 20

the skeleton

Question 21

What functions are minerals involved in?

Answer 21

enzyme activity, oxygen transport, component of vitamins, osmotic pressure, nervous system.

Question 22

What are vitamins?

Answer 22

organic substances required by the organism in very small amounts.

Question 23

Which vitamin is not synthesized by humans, guinea-pigs, or monkeys?

Answer 23

Vitamin C

Question 24

Where are most vitamins stored?

Answer 24

in the liver. They are in the kidney and spleen in lesser amounts.

Question 25

Why are vitamins important in milk and colostrum?

Answer 25

Because they are the sole source of nutrition for young animals.

Question 26

What is more common, vitamin deficiencies or toxicity?

Answer 26

deficiencies.

Question 27

What does Vit. A deficiency lead to?

Answer 27

blindness

Question 28

What does Vit. D deficiency lead to?

Answer 28

rickets

Question 29

What does Vit K deficiency lead to?

Answer 29

tissue hemorrhage.

Question 30

What is required in the highest amount in animal diets?

Answer 30

dietary energy. Carbs being the most important source of energy.

Question 31

What is the equation for digestible energy?

Answer 31

DE = GE feed - GE Feces

Question 32

What is the equation for metabolisable energy?

Answer 32

ME = DE - GE (urine+gases)

Question 33

Is water considered a nutrient?

Answer 33

Yes!

Question 34

what are some ways in which animals can lose water?

Answer 34

urine, feces, lungs, skin surface, and milk.

Question 35

What causes water losses to increase?

Answer 35

high protein, high mineral salts, high fiber, and high intakes. Also lactation and heat.

Question 36

Good quality water has how much of dissolvent solids?

Answer 36

less than 0.25%

Question 37

What are the common minerals found in water?

Answer 37

chloride, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulphates, and bicarbonates.

Question 38

What solids in water lead to toxicity before they affect the taste?

Answer 38

nitrates, fluorine, and heavy metals.

Question 39

What is the most common analysis for feed samples?

Answer 39

proximate analysis.

Question 40

How is dry matter determined?

Answer 40

by drying a sample in an oven until a constant weight.

Question 41

What is the dry matter equation?

Answer 41

DM = (dry weight/fresh weight)*100

Question 42

What is the average protein content in feedstuffs?

Answer 42

16%

Question 43

How do you get the crude fat from a diet?

Answer 43

you extract it by using ethyl ether. Quantitative info.

Question 44

How do you get crude fibre?

Answer 44

involves boiling a known amount of ground feed sample in a weak acid solution, filtration, boiling in a weak alkali solution, filtration, and drying until a constant weight.

Question 45

What compounds are included in crude fibre?

Answer 45

cellulose, hemicellulose, xylans, lignin, and other compounds associated with fibrous carbs.

Question 46

Can you determine the specific mineral content with ash?

Answer 46

No. you have to do other analysis to determine this.

Question 47

When you burn feed at 300-600 degrees C, what do you have left?

Answer 47

Just metallic oxides (this is ash).

Question 48

What is the nitrogen free extract?

Answer 48

estimation of the readily available carbohydrates.

Question 49

How is energy calculated?

Answer 49

Using an oxygen bomb calorimeter.

Question 50

What are the 2 methods that are replacing CF and that are more accurate in defining the carb content?

Answer 50

NDF and ADF

Question 51

What is natural detergent fiber (NDF) a predictor of? Are low or high values desired?

Answer 51

It is a predictor of voluntary intake b/c it provides bulk or fill. Low values are desired.

Question 52

What are acid detergent fibers?

Answer 52

the least digestible plant components, including cellulose and lignin. Inversely related to digestibility.

Question 53

Forages that have low ADF concentrations are usually more or less nutritious?

Answer 53

They are usually more nutritious.