Nutrition And Vitamin Deficiencies

Question 1

What does parenteral nutrition contain?

Answer 1

Amino acids
Glucose
Electrolytes 
Trace elements 
Vitamins

Question 2

What is SPN?

Answer 2

Supplementary parenteral nutrition given in addition to oral/enteral feeds

Question 3

What is TPN?

Answer 3

Total parenteral nutrition is the sole source of nutrition

Glucose via central vein to avoid thrombosis
Enough phosphate to allow phosphorylation of glucose

Fructose and sorbitol to avoid hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic nonketotic acidosis

Do not add additives to fat emulsions unless compatibility known

Question 4

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 4

ADEK

Question 5

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 5

B and C

Question 6

What is retinol?

Answer 6

Vitamin A

Question 7

What vitamin should be avoided in pregnancy due to teratogenicity?

Answer 7

Vitamin A (retinol)

Question 8

What are the symptoms of retinol deficiency?

Answer 8

Ocular effects - dry eyes, risk of infection

Question 9

What are the benefits of vitamin A?

Answer 9

Night vision
Immune system
Healthy skin

Question 10

Where do you get vitamin A from?

Answer 10

Liver pates
Fish liver oil
Raw eggs

Question 11

What vitamin is ascribed acid?

Answer 11

Vitamin C

Question 12

What are the symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?

Answer 12

Scurvy
Gingival bleeding
Petechiae

Question 13

What does vitamin C help to be absorbed?

Answer 13

Iron

Question 14

What are the benefits of ascorbic acid?

Answer 14

Protects cells
Wound healing
Collagen formation

Question 15

What are the sources of vitamin c?

Answer 15

Oranges
Peppers
Tomatoes
Blackcurrants

Question 16

What vitamin is calciferol?

Answer 16

Vitamin D

Question 17

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 17

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Question 18

What is vitamin D2?

Answer 18

Ergocalciferol

Question 19

What is vitamin D3?

Answer 19

Cholecalciferol

Question 20

When should you give alfacalcidol or calcitriol?

Answer 20

In severe renal impairment

Question 21

What needs to be checked if nausea and vomiting occurs when taking vitamin D?

Answer 21

Plasma calcium concentration

Question 22

What are the benefits of vitamin D?

Answer 22

Dietary absorption of calcium

Healthy bones and teeth

Question 23

What is vitamin E?

Answer 23

Tocopherol

Question 24

What does tocopherol do?

Answer 24

Inhibits platelet aggregation, increased risk of bleeding with warfarin

Question 25

What are the benefits of tocopherol?

Answer 25

Powerful antioxidant Healthy skin Healthy eyes

Question 26

What are the sources of vitamin E?

Answer 26

Plant oils

Question 27

What is phytomenadione?

Answer 27

Vitamin K

Question 28

Is phytomenadione lipid soluble or water soluble?

Answer 28

Lipid

Question 29

Is menadiol lipid or water soluble?

Answer 29

Water, used in liver impairment

Question 30

What is vitamin k used for?

Answer 30

Given to all new born babies to prevent neonatal haemorrhage

Question 31

What drug should you not give with vitamin k?

Answer 31

Warfarin Has an antagonising effect

Question 32

What are the sources of vitamin k?

Answer 32

Green, leafy vegetables

Question 33

What is vitamin B1?

Answer 33

Thiamine

Question 34

When is thiamine used?

Answer 34

Wernickes encephalopathy

Question 35

Is anaphylaxis common in B1?

Answer 35

Yes with injection

Question 36

What are the benefits of vitamin B1?

Answer 36

Release energy from food | Healthy CNS

Question 37

What are the sources of thiamine?

Answer 37

Fortified cereals | Wholegrain

Question 38

What is riboflavin?

Answer 38

Vitamin B2

Question 39

What are the benefits of riboflavin?

Answer 39

Healthy skin Healthy nerves Healthy eyes

Question 40

What are the sources of B2?

Answer 40

Meat Eggs Fortified cereals Rice

Question 41

What is niacin?

Answer 41

Vitamin B3

Question 42

What is niacin available as?

Answer 42

Nicotinamide | Nicotinic acid

Question 43

What are the benefits of vitamin B3?

Answer 43

Healthy skin and eyes

Question 44

What are the sources of B3?

Answer 44

``` Meat Fish Wheat flour Eggs Milk ```

Question 45

What is vitamin B6?

Answer 45

Pyridoxine

Question 46

What is pyridoxine given with and why?

Answer 46

Isoniazid, penicillamine Prevents peripheral neuropathy

Question 47

What is pyridoxine used for as well as prevention of peripheral neuropathy?

Answer 47

Premenstrual symptoms

Question 48

What can cause sensory neuropathy?

Answer 48

Vitamin B6 at prolonged use of high doses > 200mg

Question 49

What is vitamin B7?

Answer 49

Biotin

Question 50

What is biotin used for?

Answer 50

Strengthen hair and nails

Question 51

What are the benefits of biotin?

Answer 51

Essential for fat metabolism

Question 52

What are the sources of biotin?

Answer 52

Range of foods Vegetable Whole cereals

Question 53

What is cobalamin/hydroxycobalamin?

Answer 53

Vitamin B12

Question 54

What is B12 used to treat?

Answer 54

Megaloblastic anaemia

Question 55

What vitamins are vegans often deficient in?

Answer 55

B12

Question 56

What are the benefits of B12?

Answer 56

Healthy nervous system | Processing folic acid

Question 57

What are the sources of B12?

Answer 57

Meat Salmon Fortified cereals

Question 58

What is taken by pregnant women to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?

Answer 58

Folic acid

Question 59

What is the dose of folic acid for preventing spina bifida?

Answer 59

400mcg daily Before conception and until week 12

Question 60

What is the folic acid dose for pregnant women at high risk?

Answer 60

5 mg daily before conception and until week 12

Question 61

What are the high risk pregnant women for neural tube defects?

Answer 61

Anti epileptic medication Diabetes mellitus Previous infant with neural tube defects Sickle cell disease - give throughout whole of pregnancy