Nutrition, Gas Exchange, and Internal Transport

Question 1

Functions of Circulatory System

Answer 1

1. Supplies needed nutrients and oxygen.
2. helping cells/tissues get rid of carbon
   dioxide and waste products of
   metabolism
3. participating in protection of the body
   and in wound healing
4. regulation of body temperature, fluid -
   electrolytes balance, and acid-base
   balance
5. cellular communication

Question 2

Types of Circulatory System

Answer 2

Open Circulatory System & Closed Circulatory System

Question 3

The hemolymph is pumped through a blood vessel that empties into the body cavity

Answer 3

Open circulatory system

Question 4

Where does the hemolymph return the blood to

Answer 4

Blood vessels or ostia

Question 5

The heart pumps blood through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body

Answer 5

Closed circulatory system

Question 6

Gases, nutrients, and waste in simple animals are exchanged by

Answer 6

Diffusion

Question 7

Species that have the simplest circulatory system

Answer 7

Fishes

Question 8

Species that have two circulatory routes. One for oxygenation of the blood through the lungs and skin, and the other to take oxygen to the rest of the body

Answer 8

Amphibians

Question 9

Species that have two circulatory routes however however, blood is only oxygenated through
the lungs. The heart is three chambered, but the ventricles are partially separated so some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated

Answer 9

Reptiles

Question 10

Species that have the most efficient heart with four chambers that completely separate the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Answer 10

Mammals and birds

Question 11

It is a transport medium of the circulation

Answer 11

Blood

Question 12

It is the pumping organ of the system

Answer 12

Heart

Question 13

It is the containers through which the circulation occurs

Answer 13

Blood vessels

Question 14

It is the liquid component of blood. It is consists of 90% water along with various substances required for maintaining the body’s pH, osmotic load, and for protecting the body, and coagulation factors and antibodies.

Answer 14

Plasma

Question 15

It is the plasma component of blood without the coagulation factors

Answer 15

Serum

Question 16

It is similar to interstitial fluid in which the correct composition of key ions acting as electrolytes is essential for normal functioning of muscles and nerves. It contains protein, antibodies, lipids, nutrients, and hormones, and external substances (e.g., drugs, viruses,bacteria)

Answer 16

Serum

Question 17

It comprises 1% of blood volume, play a crucial role in the immune response. Their numbers temporarily rise during infections, and they serve as vigilant structures patrolling interstitial fluid and the lymphatic system.

Answer 17

White blood cells

Question 18

White blood cells is also known as

Answer 18

Leukocytes

Question 19

Two general types of WBC

Answer 19

Granulocytes and Agranucytes

Question 20

responds during injury

Answer 20

Granulocytes

Question 21

adaptive immune response

Answer 21

Agranulocytes

Question 22

they are formed from the disintegration of larger cells called megakaryocytes

Answer 22

Platelets

Question 23

Platelets is also called as

Answer 23

Thrombocytes

Question 24

For each megakaryocyte, _________
platelets are formed with _______ to
________ platelets present in each cubic
millimeter of blood.

Answer 24

2000-3000, 150,000 to 400,000

Question 25

The most numerous blood cells; specialized cells that circulate through the body, delivering oxygen to cells; formed from stem cells in the bone marrow

Answer 25

Red blood cells

Question 26

Red blood cells is also called as

Answer 26

Erythrocytes

Question 27

The red coloring of blood comes from what iron-containing protein

Answer 27

Hemoglobin

Question 28

Lifespan of Erythrocytes

Answer 28

120 days or 3 months

Question 29

a hollow, four-chambered muscular organ that is specialized for pumping blood through the vessels of the body

Answer 29

Heart

Question 30

The walls of the heart are made of

Answer 30

Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 31

branching, striated, generally uninucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized(intercalated discs)

Answer 31

Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 32

The tough fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart

Answer 32

Pericardium

Question 33

Three layers of the heart

Answer 33

Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium

Question 34

the inner layer that lines walls of the heart

Answer 34

Endocardium

Question 35

the middle layer consists of the heart muscle cells that make up the middle layer and the bulk of the heart wall which initiates contractions driving the cardiac cycle

Answer 35

Myocardium

Question 36

the outer layer which prevents excess expansion or movement of the heart

Answer 36

Epicardium

Question 37

branch from the aorta and surround the outer surface of the heart like a crown

Answer 37

Coronary Arteries

Question 38

take the deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium where the blood will be re-oxygenated through the pulmonary circuit. The heart muscle will die without a steady supply of blood

Answer 38

Coronary veins

Question 39

The heart contracts and relaxes in a

Answer 39

Rhythmic cycle

Question 40

what happens when the heart contracts

Answer 40

It pumps blood

Question 41

What happens when the heart relaxes

Answer 41

It fills the chambers with blood

Question 42

One complete sequence of pumping and filling is referred to as

Answer 42

Cardiac cycle

Question 43

The contraction phase of the cycle is called

Answer 43

Systole

Question 44

The relaxation phase is called

Answer 44

Diastole

Question 45

It takes blood away from the heart

Answer 45

Arteries

Question 46

Are small blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart/

Answer 46

Arterioles

Question 47

It is an interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ.

Answer 47

Capillary bed

Question 48

This part converge again into venules that connect to minor veins that finally connect to major veins that take blood high in carbon dioxide back to the heart.

Answer 48

Capilliaries

Question 49

Are blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart

Answer 49

Veins

Question 50

Are any small branches of a vein that receives oxygen depleted blood from the capillaries and returns it to the heart via venous system

Answer 50

Venules

Question 51

Three layers of the blood vessel

Answer 51

Tunica Externa, Tunica Media, Tunica Intima

Question 52

Capillaries are made up of single cell layer called

Answer 52

Tunica Intima

Question 53

The elastic connective tissue stretches and supports the blood vessels

Answer 53

Outermost layer (Collagen, and Elastic Fibers)

Question 54

regulate blood flow by altering vascular resistance through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Answer 54

Middle Tunic (Smooth Connective Tissue)

Question 55

Why does arteries have valves

Answer 55

to prevent backflow of blood

Question 56

Moves blood between the heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.

Answer 56

Pulmonary Circulation

Question 57

Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. It sends oxygenated blood out to cells and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Answer 57

Systemic Circulation

Question 58

Refers to any part of the systemic circulation in which blood draining from the capillary bed of one structure flows through a larger vessel(s) to supply the capillary bed of another structure before returning to the heart

Answer 58

Portal Circulation