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Zoology Finals > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

it is the process by which an organism replicate
themselves

A

Reproduction

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2
Q

it is the progressive changes in size, shape, and function by which its genetic potentials are translated into functioning mature systems

A

Development

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3
Q

The generation of new individuals without the
fusion of egg and sperm.

A

Asexual

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4
Q

In most asexual animals, reproduction relies
entirely on

A

Mitotic cell division

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5
Q

The formation of offspring by the fusion of
haploid gametes to form a diploid

A

Sexual reproduction

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6
Q

The female gamete is the unfertilized
egg or ovum while the male gamete is the
sperm

A

Zygote

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7
Q

Animals can reproduce asexually through

A
  1. Fission
  2. Budding
  3. Fragmentation
  4. Parthenogenesis
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8
Q

It occurs in prokaryotic microorganisms and in some invertebrate, multicelled organisms

A

Fission

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9
Q

It occurs commonly in some invertebrate animals such as Hydra and corals in which new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones
(parent’s body).

A

Budding

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10
Q

It occurs in many sea stars, sponges, cnidarians, polychaete annelids, and tunicate. The breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent regeneration (the regrowth of lost body parts).

A

Fragmentation

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11
Q

It occurs in certain species of bees, wasps, ants, water fleas, rotifers, aphids, and stick insects. An egg develops into a complete individual without being fertilized. The resulting offspring can be
either haploid or diploid

A

Parthenogenesis

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12
Q

the condition of having both male and female reproductive organs

A

Hemaphroditism

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13
Q

An individual reverses its sex during its lifetime

A

Sequential Hemaphroditism

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14
Q

What reproduction happens when the conditions are favorable

A

Asexual reproduction

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15
Q

What reproduction occurs during environmental stress

A

Sexual reproduction

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction starts with the combination
(union) of a sperm and an egg in a process called

A

Fertilization

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17
Q

2 Benefits of courtship among animals

A
  1. It allows mate selection
  2. Increases the probability of successful
    fertilization by triggering the release of both
    sperm and eggs.
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18
Q

It occurs most often in landbased animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method

A

Internal Fertilization

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19
Q

What do least complex reproductive system lack

A

Gonads

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20
Q

What do complex reproductive system contain

A

set of accessory tubes and glands

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21
Q

What do internal reproductive organs consists of

A

pair of gonads and a system of ducts and chambers

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22
Q

what is the role of ducts and chambers

A

conduct the gametes and house the embryo and fetus

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23
Q

What are the female gonads

A

Ovaries

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24
Q

Follicles produce the primary female sex
hormones

A

Estrogen

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25
It extends from the uterus toward each ovary
Fallopian tube or Oviduct
26
Together with wavelike contractions of the oviduct, the cilia convey the egg down the duct to the
Uterus or Womb
27
It is a thick, muscular organ that can expand during pregnancy to accommodate a 4-kg fetus
Uterus
28
The inner lining of the uterus and is richly supplied with blood vessels. It is shed during menstrual period
Endometrium
29
This is the thick middle muscle layer of the corpus or fundus. It expands during pregnancy
Myometrium
30
The outer serous layer of the uterus. It secretes a lubricating fluid that helps to reduce friction.
Perimetrium
31
It is a muscular but elastic chamber that is the site for insertion of the penis and deposition of sperm during copulation
Vagina
32
It is a collective term for the external female
Vulva
33
It is a pair of thick, fatty ridges that encloses and protects the rest of the vulva
Labia Majora or Outer lip
34
The vaginal opening and the separate opening of the urethra are located within a cavity bordered by a pair of slender skin folds
Labia Minora or Inner lip
35
It is a thin piece of tissue that partly covers the vaginal opening in humans at birth, and usually until sexual intercourse or vigorous physical activity ruptures it.
Hymen
36
It is located at the upper intersection of the labia minora, consists of a short shaft supporting a rounded glans, or head, covered by a small hood of skin, the prepuce.
Clitoris
37
It is present in both sexes but normally produce milk only in females
Mammary glands
38
Male's external reproductive organ
Scrotum and penis
39
Internal parts of the reproductive organ of male
Gonads, Accessory glands, Ducts
40
It produces both sperm and reproductive hormones
Gonads
41
It secretes products essential to sperm movement
Accessory glands
42
It carries the sperm and glandular secretions
Ducts
43
It consist of many highly coiled tubes surrounded by several layers of connective tissue
Male gonads or testes
44
Tubes where the sperm forms
Seminiferous tubules
45
It is scattered between the seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone and other androgens
Leydig cells
46
It is where the sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the
Epididymis
47
The action where the sperm is propelled to the vas deferens
Ejaculation
48
It runs from the scrotum and behind the urinary bladder
Vas deferens
49
It drains both the excretory and reproductive systems.
Urethra
50
Three set of male accessory gland
Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, and Bulbourethral glands
51
A pair of seminal vesicles contributes about 60% of the total volume of semen
Seminal vesicles
52
It is thick, yellowish, and alkaline and contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, and prostaglandins (local-acting hormones)
Seminal fluid
53
It secretes its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts
Prostate gland
54
It is thin and milky and contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate.
Prostate fluid
55
This gland secretes a clear mucus before ejaculation that neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra.
Bulbourethral gland
56
During sexual arousal, this tissue fills with blood from the arteries
Erectile tissue
57
What is the term for the thinner skin covering the sensitive head (glans penis) of the main shaft of the penis, which may be removed by circumcision?
Foreskin or prepuce
58
How many mL does a male usually ejaculates and how many sperm are there in each mL
2 - 5 mL of semen, 50 - 130 million per mL
59
the production of sperm and eggs, takes place through the process of meiosis
Gametogenesis
60
What is the production of sperm called
Spermatogenesis
61
What is the production of egg cell called
Oogenesis
62
What are the three main components of sperm cells?
Flagellum, Neck, Head
63
a special vesicle at the head of sperm, contains enzymes essential for breaking down barriers and aiding the sperm in penetrating the egg during fertilization.
Acrosome
64
It is deposited during gestation and remain present from birth through the beginning of adolescence. However, during this time, they are in an inactive state.
Stem cells
65
It begins in the female embryo with differentiation of primordial germ cell into oogonium
Oogenesis
66
It is completed when a sperm penetrates the oocyte
Meiosis
67
It is completed when it produces an ovum
Oogenesis
68
It averages 28 days in length (although cycles vary, ranging from about 20 to 40 days)
Menstrual cycle
69
The changes in the uterus define the ________
Menstrual cycle or Uterine cycle
70
The cyclic events that occur in the ovaries define the _____
Ovarian cycle
71
the endometrium is shed from the uterus in a bleeding called
Menstruation
72
the endometrium is reabsorbed by the uterus
Estrous cycle
73
It is involved in calcium metabolism and, without it, blood levels of calcium decrease
Estrogen
74
the cessation of ovulation and menstruation
menopause
75
How many cycle of menstruation does a woman have in her lifetime before entering menopause
500
76
What ages do menopause occur
46 to 56
77
also called conception in humans－occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg (mature oocyte) in the oviduct or fallopian tube
Fertilization
78
The process when the zygote begins to divide
Cleavage
79
a sphere of cells surrounding a central cavity
blastocyst
80
the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the
zona pellucida
81
When a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the
acrosomal reaction
82
The blastula arrange themselves in two layers
Inner cell mass, and trophoblast
83
The development of multi-cellular organisms begins from a single-celled zygote, which undergoes rapid cell division to form the
Blastula
84
It is also known as the embryoblast and this mass of cells will go on to form the embryo.
Inner cell mass
85
Contributes to the placenta and nourish the embryo.
Trophoblast
86
It is a formative process by which the three germ layers, which are precursors of all embryonic tissues, and the axial orientation are established in embryos
Gastrulation
87
3 germ layers in Gastrulation
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
88
It gives rise to the nervous system and the epidermis
Ectoderm
89
It gives rise to the muscle cells and connective tissue in the body
Mesoderm
90
It gives rise to columnar cells found in the digestive system and many internal organs
Endoderm
91
Gastrulation leads to the formation of the three germ layers that give rise to the different organs in the animal body through the process called
Organogenesis
92
In vertebrates, one of the primary steps during organogenesis is the
formation of the neural system
93
special signaling molecules that signal some cells at the edge of the ectoderm to become epidermis cells
growth factor
94
It gives rise to the brain and spiral cord
neural tube
95
A spatial pattern of gene expression reorganizes the mesoderm into groups of cells
Somites
96
A rod-shaped and forms the central axis of the animal body
notochord

Zoology Finals (4 decks)

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