Nutrition in Adolescents & Elderly Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
When is total amount of nutrition intake the highest?
A
- adolescence; nutrition
need increases due to rapid growth - iron is important
- increased need for calcium and zinc
2
Q
What vitamin are kids aged 9-18 lacking?
A
Vitamin A
3
Q
Girls aged 14-18 had a low intake of…?
A
Folate, vitamin B6 and B12
4
Q
12% of adolescent girls lack….?
A
Iron
5
Q
70% of girls (9-13) and 30% of boys (14-18) lack….?
A
Calcium
6
Q
15% of girls (9-13) and 20% of girls aged 14-18 lack…?
A
Zinc
7
Q
WFPB or whole food, plant based?
A
- becoming popular in recognition that all vegetarian/vegan diets are not optimal if they contain highly processed foods
8
Q
What visible symptom might indicate poor diet?
A
Brittle nails
9
Q
Milk consumption in adolescence?
A
- low in adolescents
- female might choose calories-free soft drinks
- calcium can be obtained from other sources of foods other than dairy
10
Q
Correlation b/w soft drinks and bone mass
A
- soft drinks linked to lower bone mass
11
Q
What trends occur in total bone mass over the lifespan?
A
- increases in growing children
- in puberty, increases more in males
- peaks at about age 35
- men achieve a higher peak
- bone loss after 35
- in women, loss is accelerated for about 5 years after menopause
12
Q
Eating disorders in teens?
A
- commonly diagnosed in adolescence but factors contributing to them may begin much earlier
13
Q
Teenage pregnancy and nutrition?
A
- impact nutritional needs, nutrients are required for the growth of the baby and the teen
14
Q
Smoking in teens?
A
- causes chronic diseases later in life
- increases need for vitamin C due to oxidative stress from from tobacco use
15
Q
Alcohol consumption in teens?
A
- possibly due to peer pressure
- alters absorption and metabolism of nutrients
- replaces calories from nutritious foods
- also linked to breast cancer
16
Q
Fetal marijuana exposure…
A
Stunts cognitive performance
17
Q
What is aging?
A
- process throughout life
- inevitable accumulation of changes with time that are associated with and responsible for an ever-increasing susceptibility to disease and death
18
Q
What is life expectancy determined by?
A
- combination of genetics, lifestyle and environmental factors
19
Q
How to increase longevity of life?
A
- calorie restriction
- only proven method
20
Q
Okinawans of Japan life expectancy and diet?
A
- longest LE in the world
- nutrient dense diet
- low calorie
- also move naturally, strong social network
21
Q
Calorie Restriction and CALERIE Study
A
- Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy
- thought to reduce oxidative damage generated through metabolic processes, leads to less cellular damage and therefore slower aging
22
Q
Phase 1 of CALERIE study?
A
- lower insulin levels, lower body temperature, and less DNA damage
- changes in cortisol and IGF have not been duplicated in humans
23
Q
Life expectancy in Canada? How many years are lived disease free
A
- 78 years
- only 69 years are lived disease and disability free
24
Q
What is compression of morbidity?
A
- delaying of onset of symptoms of diseases, so they take up less of later life
- promotion of more years disability-free
- would increase health of the aging population
- spare the health care system
- goal is to maintain QoL
25
Nutrient requirements that increase in older adults?
- vitamin D
- vitamin B6
- calcium
- magnesium
- bone reabsorption occurs at greater levels
- vitamin D doesn't convert well in the skin at an older age
26
Why is there a risk of malnutrition in elderly?
- decreased immune function leads to illness
- leads to increased medication use
- decreases nutrition intake although there is increased need
- decreased muscle mass also causes decreased accessibility of food
- above 60 there is sensory decline
- also a decrease in amount of saliva
27
How is sensory decline a factor of malnutrition? How might it be prevented?
- decrease in visual acuity make shopping and food preparation more difficult
- consumption of antioxidant-rich foods in adulthood slows the progression of these disorders or prevents them
28
How are gastrointestinal changes a factor of malnutrition?
- tastebuds and saliva amount changes, prevents taste
- stomachs empty slower, allowing older adults to feel full longer so they may not wish to eat
- 10-30% of adults over 50 have ATROPHIC GASTRITIS, the incidence can be as high as 40% in those over 80
- causes B12 deficiency
- decreased motility and elasticity of the large intestine, along with low fibre and liquid intake, can result in constipation
29
What shifts in body composition occur in old age?
- shifts to a greater percentage of fat and less muscle
- decreased strength and endurance, affecting mobility and balance
- exercise can help to maintain muscle mass
30
Estrogen and progesterone and aging?
- decline in older women
| - cause changes in body composition, which increases risk of CVD to similar levels in men
31
Growth hormone and aging?
- reduced levels cause declining protein synthesis
| - regular exercise can improve this
32
Melatonin and aging?
- lower levels
- involved in sleep cycle and is an antioxidant
- supplements may enhance immune and brain function in aging
33
Insulin and aging?
- pancreas decreases its secretion of insulin
- tissue may be less sensitive to insulin and its BG lowering effects
- increased risk for T2DM
- exercise improves insulin sensitivity and increases glucose disposal
34
What might be considered the greatest nutritional challenge with older adults?
- elderly have decreased caloric need BUT constant or increased need for vitamins and minerals
- malnutrition
35
How does immune function change with aging? How does this affect nutrition?
- decline in immune function
| - sickness limits nutrient intake and absorption, which affects body's ability to mount an immune response
36
How can mental impairment affect nutrition?
- decline can affect ability to acquire and prepare food
- physical activity and mental exercise can delay the onset of Alzheimer's and dementia
- evidence for MIND diet
37
What is the MIND diet?
Mediterranean-DASH Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay
38
How can drugs affect nutrition?
- more meds being used in older adults
- many drugs can cause deficiencies in certain nutrients
- increases risk for malnutrition
39
What socioeconomic and psychological factors can also impact nutrition?
- seniors often on a fixed income
- increased risk for depression
- mobility issues
40
Why is exercise important for older adults?
- prevents illness, maintains independence and muscle mass
| - weight-bearing exercise causes bone and muscle growth
41
What is not a weight-bearing exercise?
Swimming
42
What recommendations can be made to seniors to improve nutrition and health?
- encourage canned, frozen, or bulk foods
- address issues affecting ability to cook food
- consult HCP about possible interactions with medications
- use money on food, not supplements
- encourage social interaction via exercise groups
- tai chi and yoga to increase balance
