Nutrition in Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy & Childhood Flashcards
(38 cards)
The fertilized egg is called a….
Zygote
After implantation, from 2-8 weeks the egg is referred to as a…
Embryo
After 8 weeks until 40 weeks, embryo referred to as…
Fetus
Fertilization occurs…
12 to 24 hours after ovulation
About 6 days after fertilization…
The zygote begins to implant into the uterine lining
Implantation is complete by…
14 days after fertilization
How are nutrients delivered to the fetus?
- via the placenta, a highly vascularized tissue
- also removes waste and secretes hormones
- blood of fetus and mother do not mix
Should women gain weight during pregnancy?
- total recommended weight gain differs depending on pre-pregnancy weight
- recommendations minimize chances of delivering a small or large for GA baby
- underweight women advised to gain more weight, vice versa for overweight women
What are the recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy?
Underweight: 28-40 lb
Normal: 25- 35 lb
Overweight: 15-25 lb
Obese: 11-20 lb
What are the effects of GDM on offspring health?
- increased perinatal mortality
- increased lifelong risks for obesity, metabolic, CV, and malignant diseases
- increased risk of autism, especially if mother was also obese
Recommendations for overweight women during pregnancy?
- advise to lose weight before pregnancy if possible
- screen for GDM and treat if positive
Lack of sleep in pregnancy is correlated to…
Gestational diabetes
What is the distribution of weight during pregnancy?
- mostly maternal fat and fetus
- also gain weight from amniotic fluid, placenta, uterus, maternal blood, breast tissue, and ECF
What problem exists in Canada for weight gain during pregnancy?
- many women are gaining more than recommended
- 55% of overweight women are gaining more than they should
What nutrient needs are increased during pregnancy and lactation?
- almost all nutrient needs increase
- folate, zinc, iron especially important
- during lactation, vitamins A, C, E, B’s increase due to loss in milk
- small amount of extra calories required in pregnancy and lactation
How many more calories are required during pregnancy?
- none in first trimester
- 350 second trimester
- 450 third trimester
Why is iron so important during pregnancy?
- infant needs to store iron for first 6 months before they begin eating
What are the recommendations for exercise during pregnancy?
- participate in aerobic and strength exercises
- goal should be to maintain goof fitness level
- choose activities that minimize loss of balance and fetal trauma
- no adverse outcomes increased from PA
- pelvic floor exercise immediate postpartum
- moderate exercise during lactation
What factors increase pregnancy risk?
- low pre-pregnant BMI or gaining too little weight
- high pre-pregnant BMI or gaining too much weight
- malnutrition
- phenylketonuria
- hypertension
- diabetes
- frequent pregnancies
- poor obstetric hx or poor fetal outcome
- adolescence or older age
- alcohol consumption
- smoking
- cocaine use
Pregnant teens have…
Increased micronutrient needs; refer to dietician
Why is folate important before and during pregnancy?
- cells divide rapidly very early in pregnancy, therefore there is a need for good folate status beforehand
- folate deficiency linked with neural tube defects, it can result in anencephaly or spina bifida
- lower incidence of NTDs now that government mandates fortification of pasta, white flour and cornmeal
What are teratogens?
- substances of chemical or biological origin that can cause birth defects
- different organ systems are particularly susceptible at various times
- smoking and some medications
What is thalidomide?
- drug used in 50s to treat morning sickness
- caused abnormal limb development in infant
What are critical development periods during pregnancy?
- damage from teratogens most likely to be greatest in the embryonic period
- CNS, heart, extremities, eyes, ears, teeth, genitalia most susceptible in the embryonic period
- damage less likely to occur in fetal period (after 8 weeks)
