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Nutrition > Nutrition in Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy & Childhood > Flashcards

Nutrition in Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy & Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

The fertilized egg is called a….

A

Zygote

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2
Q

After implantation, from 2-8 weeks the egg is referred to as a…

A

Embryo

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3
Q

After 8 weeks until 40 weeks, embryo referred to as…

A

Fetus

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4
Q

Fertilization occurs…

A

12 to 24 hours after ovulation

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5
Q

About 6 days after fertilization…

A

The zygote begins to implant into the uterine lining

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6
Q

Implantation is complete by…

A

14 days after fertilization

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7
Q

How are nutrients delivered to the fetus?

A
  • via the placenta, a highly vascularized tissue
  • also removes waste and secretes hormones
  • blood of fetus and mother do not mix
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8
Q

Should women gain weight during pregnancy?

A
  • total recommended weight gain differs depending on pre-pregnancy weight
  • recommendations minimize chances of delivering a small or large for GA baby
  • underweight women advised to gain more weight, vice versa for overweight women
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9
Q

What are the recommendations for weight gain during pregnancy?

A

Underweight: 28-40 lb
Normal: 25- 35 lb
Overweight: 15-25 lb
Obese: 11-20 lb

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10
Q

What are the effects of GDM on offspring health?

A
  • increased perinatal mortality
  • increased lifelong risks for obesity, metabolic, CV, and malignant diseases
  • increased risk of autism, especially if mother was also obese
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11
Q

Recommendations for overweight women during pregnancy?

A
  • advise to lose weight before pregnancy if possible

- screen for GDM and treat if positive

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12
Q

Lack of sleep in pregnancy is correlated to…

A

Gestational diabetes

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13
Q

What is the distribution of weight during pregnancy?

A
  • mostly maternal fat and fetus

- also gain weight from amniotic fluid, placenta, uterus, maternal blood, breast tissue, and ECF

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14
Q

What problem exists in Canada for weight gain during pregnancy?

A
  • many women are gaining more than recommended

- 55% of overweight women are gaining more than they should

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15
Q

What nutrient needs are increased during pregnancy and lactation?

A
  • almost all nutrient needs increase
  • folate, zinc, iron especially important
  • during lactation, vitamins A, C, E, B’s increase due to loss in milk
  • small amount of extra calories required in pregnancy and lactation
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16
Q

How many more calories are required during pregnancy?

A
  • none in first trimester
  • 350 second trimester
  • 450 third trimester
17
Q

Why is iron so important during pregnancy?

A
  • infant needs to store iron for first 6 months before they begin eating
18
Q

What are the recommendations for exercise during pregnancy?

A
  • participate in aerobic and strength exercises
  • goal should be to maintain goof fitness level
  • choose activities that minimize loss of balance and fetal trauma
  • no adverse outcomes increased from PA
  • pelvic floor exercise immediate postpartum
  • moderate exercise during lactation
19
Q

What factors increase pregnancy risk?

A
  • low pre-pregnant BMI or gaining too little weight
  • high pre-pregnant BMI or gaining too much weight
  • malnutrition
  • phenylketonuria
  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • frequent pregnancies
  • poor obstetric hx or poor fetal outcome
  • adolescence or older age
  • alcohol consumption
  • smoking
  • cocaine use
20
Q

Pregnant teens have…

A

Increased micronutrient needs; refer to dietician

21
Q

Why is folate important before and during pregnancy?

A
  • cells divide rapidly very early in pregnancy, therefore there is a need for good folate status beforehand
  • folate deficiency linked with neural tube defects, it can result in anencephaly or spina bifida
  • lower incidence of NTDs now that government mandates fortification of pasta, white flour and cornmeal
22
Q

What are teratogens?

A
  • substances of chemical or biological origin that can cause birth defects
  • different organ systems are particularly susceptible at various times
  • smoking and some medications
23
Q

What is thalidomide?

A
  • drug used in 50s to treat morning sickness

- caused abnormal limb development in infant

24
Q

What are critical development periods during pregnancy?

A
  • damage from teratogens most likely to be greatest in the embryonic period
  • CNS, heart, extremities, eyes, ears, teeth, genitalia most susceptible in the embryonic period
  • damage less likely to occur in fetal period (after 8 weeks)
25
Q

How does the CPNP reach mothers at risk?

A
  • provide education, referral, support through drop-in sessions, craft or cooking circles, home visits, one-on-one support
26
Q

Why may nutritional needs during lactation exceed those during pregnancy?

A
  • faster growth, and greater need for water
27
Q

What nutrients does breast milk contain?

A
  • includes most nutrients needed for infant as long as mom is well-nourished
  • supplementation indicated for vitamins D and K (no bacteria)
  • fluoride may need to be supplemented (except in formula fed babies where water is fluoridated)
  • supplement B12 in infants of vegans
28
Q

What nutritional needs exist during infancy?

A
  • require higher percentage of fat than do adults
  • also need about double the protein per kg
  • water is vital; most common cause of infant death in developing world in dehydration due to diarrhea
  • breast milk high in fat and protein
29
Q

What 3 underlying cellular processes cause growth?

A
  • hyperplasia; increase in cell number
  • hypertrophy; increase in cell size
  • accretion; increase in intracellular substances
30
Q

How long should babies be fed only breast milk?

A
  • during the first 6 months of life

- formula and solid food should not be introduced until after 6 months of age

31
Q

When can babies feed themselves?

A
  • 12 to 18 months; can drink from a cup, feed self, eat ground or chopped table food
32
Q

When should food be pureed?

A
  • 6 to 12 months
33
Q

What solid foods should be introduced to infants?

A
  • iron rich food such as egg yolks, meat, clams, shrimp, broccoli, fortified cereal, etc.
  • earlier peanut introduction reduces risk of an allergy
  • high fat foods
34
Q

What foods should not be fed to infants?

A
  • cow milk not until 9 months to 1 year
  • honey not until 1 year because botulinum spores
  • choking hazards like baby carrots, hot dogs, grapes, nuts, raisins
  • limit fruit juice
  • goat milk; too high in protein
35
Q

What is nursing bottle syndrome?

A
  • dental caries and decay from allowing child to fall asleep with full bottle in mouth
  • causes tooth decay
36
Q

Healthy eating is developed…

A

Young!

37
Q

How to prevent childhood obesity?

A
  • remember 5-3-2-1-0
  • 5 fruits and veg
  • 3 meals with family
  • 2 hours or less of screen time
  • 1 hour of activity
  • 0 sugary drinks
38
Q

What are the physical activity recommendations for children?

A
  • 60 minutes a day

Nutrition (21 decks)

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