nutrition & metabolism

Question 1

6 major nutrients

Answer 1

1. carbs
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. vitamins
5. minerals
6. water

Question 2

fxn of carbs

Answer 2

usable energy as glucose

stored energy as glycogen

Question 3

fxn of lipids (3)

Answer 3

energy storage
build cell membrane
make up hormones

Question 4

fxn of proteins

Answer 4

structural & functional builders of body, hormones, enzymes, membrane proteins

Question 5

fxn of vitamins (3)

Answer 5

coenzymes in reactions
make bone, eye pigment, CT
calcium absorption

Question 6

fxn of minerals (4)

Answer 6

bone formation
nerve & muscle fxn
component of nucleic acid
part of hemoglobin

Question 7

amino acids
1. essential
vs
2. nonessential

Answer 7

1. must get from diet

2. live can build from other amino acids

Question 8

vitamins
1. water
vs
2. fat soluble

Answer 8

1. can be excreted in urine

2. excess accumulates in fat deposits–not good

Question 9

4 stages of cellular respiration

Answer 9

1. glycolysis
2. intermediate stage
3. citric acid cycle
4. electron transport chain

Question 10

Where can Carbs be used in cellular resp?

Answer 10

glucose starts glycolysis

Question 11

where can lipids be used in cellular resp?

Answer 11

triglycerides can be broken down to fatty acids & glycerol
fatty acids: can be made into acetyl CoA for citric acid cycle
glycerol: converted to glucose by liver for glycolysis

Question 12

where can fatty acids be used in cellular resp?

Answer 12

made into acetyl CoA via beta oxidation for citric acid cycle

Question 13

how can proteins be used in cellular resp?

Answer 13

liver removes amino group to make ketoacids

ketoacids: used in glycolysis or acetyl CoA for intermediate stage

Question 14

brief description of cellular respiration

Answer 14

start with glucose & make ATP
CO2 is waste
requires O2 at end of ETC to collect electrons

Question 15

during carbohydrate metabolism:

what happens to fructose & galactose

Answer 15

hepatocytes convert them to glucose

Question 16

glycogenesis

Answer 16

glucoses bond together → make glycogen

Question 17

gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

noncarbs converted to glucose

Question 18

glycogenesis

Answer 18

glucose molecules release from glycogen

Question 19

3 reaction of carb metabolism

Answer 19

glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis
glycogenesis

Question 20

3 reactions of protein metabolism

Answer 20

protein synthesis
transamination
deamination

Question 21

transamination

Answer 21

amino acids ∆ed from one to another by removing amino group & adding it to a ketoacid to make a new amino acid

Question 22

when the amino group is removed?

1. what remains?
2. what is this called?

Answer 22

1. a ketoacid

2. deamination

Question 23

deamination

Answer 23

amino group removed from amino acid which makes a keto acid

Question 24

what happens to the removed amino group?

Answer 24

goes through urea cycle in kidney & excreted in urine

Question 25

how can ketoacids be used?

Answer 25

in cellular resp or to make glucose

Question 26

3 reactions of lipid metabolism

Answer 26

1. lipogenesis 2. lipolysis 3. beta oxidation

Question 27

lipogenesis

Answer 27

fatty acids & glycerol join to make triglycerides

Question 28

lipolysis

Answer 28

fatty acids released from triglycerides

Question 29

beta oxidation

Answer 29

fatty acids are broken down to acetyl coA

Question 30

2 uses of acetyl coA

Answer 30

1. ∆ed to ketone bodies that are released into blood, transported to other cells & oxidized for cellular resp 2. used to make cholesterol to be used for bile salts or VLDLs

Question 31

ketogenesis

Answer 31

acetyl coA ∆ed to ketone body and released into blood, transported to other cells or oxidized for cell resp

Question 32

2 ways of lipid transport

Answer 32

1. VLDLs & LDLs transport triglycerides & cholesterol from liver to tissues 2. empty HDLs pick up lipids/cholesterol from tissues & blood vessels and return to liver as full HDLs

Question 33

chylomicrons made by?

Answer 33

intestinal cells

Question 34

what is a chylomicron?

Answer 34

protein wrapped around a lipoprotein

Question 35

where is lipoprotein lipase found?

Answer 35

muscle and fat tissue

Question 36

fxn of lipoprotein lipase & what happens after?

Answer 36

breakdown chylomicrons so tissue can have access to fats remnants of chylomicrons go back to liver for destruction

Question 37

where are VLDLs & HDLs made

Answer 37

liver

Question 38

what is a VLDL?

Answer 38

triglycerides & cholesterol in a lipoprotein

Question 39

fxn of VLDL

Answer 39

fat tissue removes triglyceride | cholesterol stays in lipoprotein so it's now a LDL

Question 40

LDL

Answer 40

lipoprotein w/ cholesterol | & w/o triglyceride

Question 41

fxn of LDL

Answer 41

travel to tissues to deliver cholesterol as needed

Question 42

fxn of HDL

Answer 42

'emptly' lipoprotein in blood that picks up excess cholesterol from tissues and takes it back to liver

Question 43

what does the liver do with excess cholesterol (2 things)

Answer 43

1. reuse it for new LDL | 2. excrete as bile

Question 44

absorptive state | what hormone is release?

Answer 44

insulin

Question 45

4 effects of insulin | in tissues

Answer 45

1. liver →increase glycogenesis 2. muscle →increase glycogenesis 3. Fat CT →stimulate lipogenesis, inhibit lipolysis stores fatty acids as triglycerides 4. most cells →increase amino acid uptake for protein synthesis

Question 46

what is the liver doing during absorptive state?

Answer 46

increasing glycogenesis | make glycogen from glucose

Question 47

what is muscle doing during absorptive state?

Answer 47

increasing glycogenesis | make glycogen from glucose

Question 48

what is fat CT doing during absorptive state?

Answer 48

stimulating lipogenesis, inhibit lipolysis | storing fatty acids as triglycerides

Question 49

what are most cells doing during the absorptive state?

Answer 49

increasing amino acid uptake for protein synthesis

Question 50

hormone released during post absorptive state?

Answer 50

glucagon

Question 51

3 effects of glucagon | in tissues

Answer 51

liver → increase glycogenolysis & increases gluconeogenesis fat CT→ increase lipolysis hormones released as needed ( TH, cortisol, GH, epinephrine)

Question 52

what does the liver do during post absorptive state?

Answer 52

increase glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogen to glucose) increase gluconeogenesis (make glucose from noncarb source)

Question 53

what does fat CT do during post absorptive state?

Answer 53

``` increase lipolysis (triglycerides broken down to fatty acids & glycerol) ```

Question 54

PRN hormones released during post absorptive state?

Answer 54

TH, GH, cortisol, epinephrine

Question 55

metabolic rate

Answer 55

measure of energy used a day | kcals/day

Question 56

2 ways to measure basal metabolic rate

Answer 56

1. calometer | 2. respirometer

Question 57

calometer

Answer 57

measures ∆ in water temp as heat is released | to measure BMR

Question 58

respirometer

Answer 58

measures O2 consumption | to measure BMR

Question 59

basal metabolic rate

Answer 59

energy needed for vital organ function at rest (specific conditions)

Question 60

how can BMR vary?

Answer 60

age, gender, stress, hormones, total surface area of body

Question 61

total metabolic rate (equation)

Answer 61

= BMR + MR during activity

Question 62

how can total metabolic rate vary?

Answer 62

level of activity, muscle mass, time since last meal, environmental conditions (i.e. cold weather)

Question 63

2 systems to regulate body temp

Answer 63

1. nervous system | 2. endocrine systems

Question 64

where does nervous system monitor body temp? | how does it ∆ the temp?

Answer 64

1. hypothalamus monitors | 2. sends motor output to skeletal muscle, sweat glands, and blood vessels

Question 65

how does endocrine system ∆ body temp? | what hormones

Answer 65

TH, GH, epinephrine, testosterone

Question 66

how does Thyroid hormone effect body temp?

Answer 66

TH increases metabolic rate which increase body temp