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A&P test 3 > Resp System > Flashcards

Resp System Flashcards

1
Q

Fxns of Resp System (4)

A
  1. passageway for air
  2. gas exchange
  3. detect odors
  4. resonance for sound
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2
Q

structural organization of respiratory system (including structures)

A

Upper Tract= nose, nasal cavity & pharynx

Lower Tract= larynx, trachea, bonchus, bronchioles, alveolar ducts & alveoli

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3
Q

Functional organization of respiratory system (including structures)

A

Conducting Zone= nose to terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Zone= respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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4
Q

Fxns of Conducting Zone (2)

A
  1. moves air from outside to respiratory zone

2. warms, humidifies, and filters air as it passes

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5
Q

Fxn of Respiratory Zone

A

gas exchange

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6
Q

Respiratory Mucosa

  1. Structure
  2. Fxn
A 
1. epithelium=pseudostratified columnar w/ cilia
basement membrane (glue in middle) 
lamina propria= areolar CT w/ lymphoid tissue, caps, & mucus glands 
2. trap inhaled particles and moves it up&out via cilia
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7
Q

how does resp. mucosa change from one area to another?

A

as we descend, epithelium gets thinner

columnar-> cuboidal-> squamous

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8
Q

Fxn of Choanae

A

posterior opening in nasal cavity for air to go to pharynx

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9
Q

Fxn of nasal conchae

A

create turbulence for better filtering/cleaning of air

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10
Q

structure of glottis

A

vocal folds & rima glottis (the opening between)

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11
Q

fxn of epiglottis

A

covers opening to larynx when swallowing to prevent entering resp. tract

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12
Q

thyroid & cricoid cartilage make up what?

A

make up body of larynx

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13
Q

fxn of arytenoid cartilage

A

phonation and change pitch

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14
Q

fxn of vestibular folds

&structure

A

prevent food/drink from entering resp. tract
like a curtain hanging on rod
rod=vestibular ligaments

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15
Q

fxn of vocal folds/cords

how do they work?

A

vibrate as air moves b/t them

∆ length/thickness to ∆ pitch

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16
Q

TRACHEA

  1. structure (4)
  2. fxn
A
  1. resp. mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia (CT covering)
  2. ANS regulates contraction of trachealis muscle
    - dilation via symp NS
    - constriction (@ rest) via parasymp NS
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17
Q

bronchiole tree

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. R/L main bronchus->R/L lobar bronchus (r=3, l=2) -> R/L segmental bronchus -> smaller bronchi
  2. air passageway
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18
Q

how does the structure change in the bronchi descending?

A

cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases & resp. mucosa thins

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19
Q

bronchi vs bronchioles

A

bronchi= larger w/ cartilage

bronchioles=much smaller, no cartilage, all smooth muscle, regulate air flow via constriction/dilation

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20
Q

when does a bronchi become a bronchiole?

A

when theres no more cartilage and all smooth muscle

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21
Q

terminal vs respiratory bronchioles

A 
terminal= no mucus, have cilia
respiratory= smaller, no mucus or cilia, little smooth muscle allowing gas exchange
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22
Q

alveoli structure

A

air sacs w/ surrounding capillaries&elasitc fibers

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23
Q

alveoli cells and fxn (3)

A

Type 1—simple squamous, makes wall
Type 2–secrete surfactant
Macrophages—fixed macros that phagocytize

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24
Q

respiratory membrane

  1. structure
  2. fxn
A
  1. alveolar & capillary epithelium w/ fluid basement memb. b/t the 2
  2. thin memb. for easy O2&CO2 diffusion
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25
pleural membrane structure & fxn of each layer (3)
1. visceral=covers surface of lung 2. parietal=lines thoracic cavity 3. pleural cavity= b/t pleuras w/ serous fluid for lube
26
4 major processes of respiration
1. pulmonary (breathing) --move air b/t atmosphere & alveoli 2. Alveolar Gas Exchange (external resp.)---exchange gas b/t alveoli & blood 3. Gas Transport--via blood b/t lungs & tissues 4. Systemic Gas Exchange (internal respiration)--exchange of gas b/t blood & systemic cells
27
pulmonary ventilation (gas movement) 1. inspiration 2. expiration
1. O2 into alveoli | 2. CO2 out of alveoli
28
relationship b/t gas pressure & volume
inverse increase volume=decrease pressure decrease volume=increase pressure
29
define respiratory cycle
a single breath | inspiration&expiration
30
define eupnea
avg. breathing | 12-15 bpm
31
quiet vs forced breathing
quiet=naturally | forced= requires extra muscles to contract
32
what controls breathing? | location?
VRG&DRG--in medulla | PRG ---in pons
33
fxn of VRG
sets resp. rate for quiet breathing
34
fxn of DRG
receives sensory stimuli | sends it to VRG to ∆ resp. rate as needed
35
fxn of PRG
allows smooth transition b/t inspiration&expiration
36
1. Higher Brain Areas 2. how they control breathing 3. why?
1. cerebral cortex, lymbic system, hypothalamus 2. send signal to DRG&VRG to ∆ breathing 3. b/c laughing, crying etc
37
Resistance & Air flow 1. relationship b/t them? 2. what controls them
1. increase resistance= decrease air flow via parasymp control 2. decrease resistance=increase air flow via sympathetic NS control
38
define tidal volume
volume of air taken in or expelled during a quiet breath
39
expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 1. define 2. measures what?
1. amt of air expelled from lungs during forced expiration after a quiet breath 2. measures lung & chest wall elasticity
40
Residual volume
amt of air left in lungs after forced expiration
41
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 1. define 2. measures what?
1. amt of air taken into lungs during force inspiration after a quiet inspiration 2. measure of lung compliance (easiness of expansion)
42
inspiratory capacity 1. equation 2. define
1. TV+IRV | 2. ability to inspire
43
Functional Residual Capacity 1. equation? 2. define
1. ERV + RV | 2. amt of air normally left in lungs after quiet expiration
44
Vital Capacity 1. equation? 2. define
1. TV + IRV + ERV | 2. measures the strength of respiration
45
Total lung capacity 1. equation? 2. define
1. TV + IRV + ERV + RV | 2. total Amt of air that can be in lungs
46
partial pressure gradient
force exerted by a specific gas in a mix of gases | i.e. PO2, PCO2
47
solubility of gases
CO2 is more soluble than O2 | so it moves in/out easier than O2 so the pressure gradient doesn't need to be as steep
48
alveolar vs systemic gas exchange
ventilation perfusion coupling
49
3 factors effecting gas exchange
1. partial pressure gradient 2. solubility of gases 3. alveolar vs systemic gas exchange
50
ventilation perfusion coupling
altering the blood or air flow based on PO2&PCO2
51
if PCO2 increases what do the bronchioles do? | what do the arterioles do?
bronchioles dilate | arterioles constrict
52
if PCO2 decreases what do bronchioles do? what to arterioles do?
bronchioles constrict | arterioles constrict
53
what do arterioles do if: 1. PO2 increase & PCO2 decrease? 2. PO2 decrease & PCO2 increase?
1. dilate | 2. constrict
54
when O2 is bound to hemoglobin what is it called? | what %?
oxyhemoglobin | 98.5%
55
when CO2 is bound to hemoglobin what is it called? | what %?
carbaminohemoglobin | 23%
56
oxygen hemoglobin saturation 1. at tissues? 2. what happens at max pressure?
1. low pressure so O2 saturation is lower b/c O2 can pop off hemoglobin to go to tissues 2. max pressure=max O2 saturation----in lungs
57
5 things that will cause more O2 release
1. PO2 levels in blood & cells 2. increased temp 3. decreased pH 4. 2,3-BPG binding (controlled by testosterone, GH, TH, epinephrine) 5. CO2 binding
58
hyperventilation
increase berating rate w/o increasing O2 demand | no ∆ in O2 sat
59
hypoventilation
slowing breathing rate | decreases O2, increases CO2
60
Hypernea
deeper breathing but not faster increases cardiac output keep the same O2 & CO2 levels
61
hypocapnea
decreased CO2 in blood | causes increased pH
62
hypoxia
decrease blood O2
63
hypercapnea
increase blood CO2 causes decreased pH | decreased pH can cause respiratory acidosis
64
1. what controls the trachealis muscle? | 2. how? (2 ways)
1. ANS 2. sympathetic NS ---dilation parasympathetic NS ---constriction (at rest)

A&P test 3 (3 decks)

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