Nutritional diseases (A, E, D3, B, Mineral)

Question 1

essential for growth, vision, mucous membrane integrity (mucosa of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and genital systems)

Answer 1

Vitamin A

Question 2

Vitamin A Deficiency (chicks)

Answer 2

• anorexia
• runting
• ruffled feathers
• sleepiness
• weakness, ataxia
• xeropthalmia
• chicks very susceptible to infections (decreased antibody production)

Question 3

Vitamin A Deficiency (Adults)

Answer 3

• lesions in the pharynx and esophagus
• blockage of the mucous gland ducts
• the contents form small white pustules
• distension of the glands with secretions and dead materials
• blood spots in the egg

Question 4

Diagnosis of Vit A deficiency

Answer 4

• necropsy
• esophageal lesions

Question 5

Vit A treatment

Answer 5

10,000 IU vitamin A per kg of feed

Question 6

(3) manifestations of Vit E deficiency

Answer 6

1. encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)
2. exudative diathesis
3. nutritional muscular dystrophy

Question 7

anti-oxidant; prevents oxidation of unsaturated lipids

Answer 7

Vitamin E

Question 8

• nervous disorder
• 2 — 3 wks old birds
• Signs:
  muscular weakness,
  incoordination with frequent falling,
  rapid contraction and relaxation of the legs,
  paralysis
  death

Answer 8

Encephalomalacia

Question 9

• Rickets in immature flocks
• 4 to 7 wk-old birds unable to walk
• joint swelling with depressed growth rate and poor feathering
• Decreased skeletal density
• Costochondral junctions are enlarged and the end plates of the long bones are irregular
• Rubbery bones

Answer 9

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) Deficiency

Question 10

decreased egg production;
deterioration in shell quality

Answer 10

Vit D3 deficiency (mature layers)

Question 11

Prevention of cholecalciferol deficiency

Answer 11

correct Ca-P ratio in feed (2:1)

Question 12

lack of ______ to vitamin premixes, or as a result of excessive addition of the anticoccidial (amprolium)

incoordination

10 to 20 day-old chicks

Answer 12

Vit B1 (Thiamine) deficiency

Question 13

poor growth,
poor feathering,
rotation of the legs in chicks 10 to 30-day old

abnormal down feather development

Layers and breeders:
* poor egg production and low hatchability
* peripheral nerves have myelin degeneration

Answer 13

Vit B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency

Question 14

Chicks:
poor growth, poor feathering, and high mortality; dermatitis of the foot and beak area

Layers and breeders:
decreased production and hatchability

Answer 14

Vit-B3 (Biotin) deficiency

Question 15

seldom occur as single entities
leads to poor growth and low reproductive efficiency

Answer 15

Pantothenic acid,
Niacin,
Pyridoxine,
Folic acid deficiency

Question 16

rickets,
osteomalacia
in layers and breeders

Answer 16

Calcium and Phosphorus deficiency

Question 17

• chondrodystrophy
• deformation of the distal tibiotarsus/proximal tarsometatarsus
• gastrocnemius tendon displacement “slipped tendon”

Answer 17

Manganese deficiency

Question 18

• lack of salt supplementation (corn & soya meals)
• poor growth and decreased egg production
• tail biting and cannibalism

Answer 18

Sodium and Chloride deficiency

Question 19

poor growth rate, chondrodystrophy

Answer 19

Zinc deficiency

Question 20

Ingestion of fungal toxins produced by molds (contaminants in cereals oilseeds before and subsequent processing)

Answer 20

Mycotoxicoses

Question 21

chemical compounds that adversely affect livability, growth rate, feed conversion, immune response, egg production, and carcass quality

Maize, wheat, rice, and peanut meal are most frequently implicated

Answer 21

Mycotoxins

Question 22

• most susceptible to mycotoxins
• but age, intercurrent health and environmental stress also influence the severity of manifestations

Answer 22

Immature chickens & ducklings

Question 23

result in high mortality (high contamination levels)

significant reduction in growth rate and feed conversion in broilers, and low egg production in breeders and commercial egg flocks (low contamination level)

Answer 23

Aflatoxins
Ochratoxins
Trichothecenes
Rubratoxins

[ AOTR ]

Question 23

associated with stomatitis (oral mucosa ulceration)

Answer 23

Fusarium T-2 toxin

Question 24

results in kidney degeneration

Answer 24

Ochratoxin

Question 25

cirrhosis of the liver and ascites

Answer 25

Chronic aflatoxicosis

Question 26

Nutrient content of grains: degraded when mold growth occurs

Answer 26

Fungal Diseases

Question 27

moisture levels over **13**% may indicate mycotoxin contamination (e.g., aflatoxin)

Answer 27

Corn

Question 28

Control & prevention of fungal disease

Answer 28

1. Correct storage of raw materials; feed additive inhibitors such (**propionate** and **gentian violet**) 2. High temperature ammoniation or adding commercial **aluminosilicates** to diets 3. **Zeolite** compounds and extracts from the cell wall of *S. cerevisiae* 4. Detection of contaminated ingredients and exclusion from feeds