1. purchase infection-free replacement stock 2. hatchery: salmonella free eggs

Systemic diseases Flashcards by isay mango

most common, most widely prevalent, and economically the most important bacterial pathogen of poultry

E. coli

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Clinical signs & diagnosis:
1. blood infection (colisepticemia)
2. yolk sac infection
3. egg peritonitis

Colibacillosis

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omphalitis & salphingitis

Colibacillosis

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Predisposing factors:
1. contaminated water and feeds
2. overcrowding
3. poor ventilation
4. poor litter
5. ammonia
6. stress
7. immunosuppression

Colibacillosis

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exudation in heart can easily migrate in abdomen to reproductive organs

Colibacillosis

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magnify the effect of colibacillosis

cold stress

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Encephalitis if migrated in the brain

E. coli

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Control of coli

begin with: complete sanitation program in surroundings and various environmental stresses

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caused by
Pasteurella multocida

Fowl cholera

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septicaemic disease of chickens
disease occurs in several forms
wattle = filled with pus

Fowl cholera

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Form of cholera

no preceding symptoms
sudden spike in mortality
apparently good body condition

Severe cholera

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Form of cholera
* marked depression
* loss of appetite
* mucus discharges

Less severe cholera

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Form of cholera
* birds that survive the severe disease
* depression, difficult breathing
* later manifestation: lameness, twisting of the neck, swollen wattles

Chronic cholera

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cheesy exudates, bacterium

Cholera

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severe form of ____ is so rapid that treatment is futile

Fowl Cholera

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Fowl cholera

hemolytic or non-hemolytic?

non-hemolytic

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Fowl cholera

gram stain?

gram-negative

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caused by Salmonella pullorum

Mortality usually at the first 2-3 weeks

Pullorum disease

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Vertical transmission:
* most important route of infection (in ovo)
* infected chicks shed S. pullorum through in feces
* other sources:
1. contaminated feed
2. water
3. litter
4. pedunculated ovum

Pullorum disease

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Mainly a disease of young birds;
• chicks below 3 weeks of age
• rare in adult birds

Pullorum disease

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Mortalities:
1. inflammation of the caeca (enlarged, distended with hard, dry, necrotic material)
2. distinct, small, white, necrotic foci (dead tissue) usually found in the liver

Pullorum disease

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Clinical disease without external signs:
1. mainly poor production performance
2. at necropsy: pedunculated ova (oviduct)

Pullorum disease

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Diagnosis for pullorum disease

Test the blood of breeders

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Control for pullorum

purchase infection-free replacement stock
hatchery: salmonella free eggs

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caused by Salmonella gallinarum

Fowl Typhoid

Vertical and horizontal transmission Infected flocks signs: • increased mortality (5-10% weekly) • diarrhea • depression • declining production performance

Fowl Typhoid

Diagnosis for fowl typhoid

1. Isolation 2. Plate agglutination 3. (+) 2 weeks after infectoin

Vaccination (bacterins)

Fowl Typhoid

caused by: * S. **enteritidis** * S. **typhimurium** * S. **agona** * S. **heidelberg**

Salmonellosis Paratyphoid

Vertical and horizontal transmission rodents & beetles reservoirs

Salmonellosis Paratyphoid

Infected flock: * 3% chick mortality * at the first 2-weeks of life

Salmonellosis Paratyphoid

Clinical signs: * may resemble pullorum disease * (E.g., high mortality, poor uniformity, omphalitis, enteritis, peritonitis, splenomegaly, hepatitis, typhlitis or cacum inflammation)

Salmonellosis Paratyphoid

Confirmatory for s. paratyphoid

Microbial isolation & ID

Only vaccines for s. paratyphoid

1. S enteritidis 2. S typhimirium

Clinical signs: 1. ruffled feathers 2. limping 3. hanging downwards of one or both wings 4. fever 5. severe depression 6. death

Staphylococcosis

abrasion in foot pads “cheesy exudates” in joint

Staphylococcosis

Control: 1. **Sensitivity tests** should always be performed because antibiotic resistance is common 2. **Maintenance of good litter quality** will reduce foot pad ulceration Slatted floor

Staphylococcosis

Caused by 1. M. synoviae (serous arthritis) 2. E. coli 3. Staphylococcus aureus (purulent/Staphylococcal arthritis)

Arthritis – Bacterial

Infection of the synovial fluid in the joints * arthritis * manifests as lameness * inability to stand

Arthritis – Bacterial

Morbidity and mortality may reach 20%, carcass quality is also reduced

Arthritis – Bacterial

* vertical & horizontal (Mycoplasma spp.) * horizontal (Staphylococcus spp.)

Arthritis – Bacterial

Two (2) specific Reovirus serotypes that caused arthritis (reoviral arthritis C)

1. S1122 2. WVU 2937 (arthritis & tenosynovitis)

Occurs worldwide; losses in broilers and breeders can be a complication of “Helicopter feather disease”

Arthritis – Reoviral arthritis C

Birds ±30 days old lameness unilateral / bilateral arthritis (hock, stifle)

Arthritis – Reoviral arthritis C

gastrocnemius tendon may rupture

Arthritis – Reoviral arthritis C

Transmission: 1. vertical (egg) 2. horizontal (carriers) 3. fomites 4. poor hygiene

Arthritis – Reoviral arthritis C

Aka: **Malabsorptive Syndrome**; specific causal agents has not been identified • most likely multifactorial in nature • mapapatagal harvest Specific reovirus strains (E.g.,1733) has been implicated

Runting-Stunting Syndrome

Poor growth rate, elevated chick mortality (2-5%) at 5-7 days old (morbidity up to 100%) Yellowish feathering at 3-4 wks old • abnormal wing feathering • **helicopter disease**

Runting-Stunting Syndrome

finger-like intestinal villi

Runting-Stunting Syndrome

Inclusion bodies – fragments of viral DNA

Runting-Stunting Syndrome

Vaccination at 4-5 days old with boosters at 30-40 days old

Reoviral infection

can cause septicemia or endocarditis spread through aerosols, oral route, injury

Streptococcosis

Streptococcus species

1. S. equi subsp zooepidemicus (S. gallinarum) 2. S. gallolyticus subsp gallolyticus (S. bovis) 3. S. dysgalactiae 4. S. gallinaceus 5. S. mutans 6. S. pluranimalium 7. S. suis

Diagnosis for strep

Bacterial isolation

localized or septicemic Endocarditis and lameness occur at the subacute or chronic stages Bloodstained feathers around the mouth and head Hematemesis has been reported Flock mortality: ±50%

Streptococcosis

considered part of normal microbiota clinical infections usually occur secondary to a primary pathogen

Streptococcosis

**Young birds** are apparently more susceptible; birds are depressed, with cyanosis of the of the head Enlarged mottled spleen, hepatic necrosis Sub acute & chronic: paresis (weakness), paralysis, and death Mortality may reach 30%

Spirochetosis

(3) vectors of Spirochetosis

Soft-shelled tick vector: Argas spp. Mites: Dermanyssus spp. Mosquito: Culex spp.

Caused by Borrelia anserina (spiral bacteria) occurs in tropical countries

Spirochetosis

Eradicate the vectors

spirochetosis

Diagnosis of spirochetosis

1. Giemsa stain slides 2. Spleen inoculation 3. Homogenate into SPF eggs

(3) diseases associated with Fowl Adenovirus Infection

1. Adenoviral gizzard erosion (AGE, Serotype 1) 2. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH, Serotype 8a, 8b, 11) 3. Hydropericardium-Hepatitis Syndrome (HPS/HHS; Angara disease) Serotype 4

Affected flocks show wasting, poor performance, and increased mortality Synergism with other pathogens: CAV, MDV, NDV, etc.

Fowl Adenovirus Infection

Transmission: * Vertical (egg) * Horizontal (feco-oral route) Diagnosis: 1. Serology, 2. Histopathology 3. Necropsy 4. PCR Control: 1. vaccination 2. farm hygiene (proper disinfection) 3. start with ____-free flocks

Fowl Adenovirus Infection

Systemic diseases Flashcards

(64 cards)