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Therio Exam 3 > Obstetrics in Large Animals > Flashcards

Obstetrics in Large Animals Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

what are obstetrics?

A

medical care of a patient thru pregnancy, delivery and in the post partum period

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2
Q

what is presentation?

A

relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the dam’s birth canal

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2
Q

what is dystocia?

A

slow or difficult labor or delivery: medical emergency!!

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3
Q

what is position?

A

relationship of the dorsum of the fetus to the quadrants of the dam’s pelvis

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4
Q

what is posture?

A

relationship of the fetal extremities to the fetus itself
example: left foreleg extended, head extended, right forelimb flexed at carpus. need a sentence

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5
Q

what is the position of a normal fetus in the birth canal?

A

dorsal sacral = right side up

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6
Q

what is the position of an upside down fetus?

A

dorsal pubic

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7
Q

what is normal presentation?

A

anterior = front

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8
Q

what is backwards presentation?

A

posterior

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9
Q

what is transverse presentation?

A

coming out sideways

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10
Q

upside down position

A

dorsal pubic

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11
Q

what is normal posture?

A

head extended, both front legs extended

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12
Q

what is normal orientation in the birth canal?

A
  • anterior presentation
  • dorsal sacral position
  • both forelimbs and head extended (posture)
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13
Q

when is dystocia most common in large animals?

A

first calf heifers

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14
Q

what are fetal causes of dystocia?

A
  • abnormal presentation, position or posture (most common)
  • developmental abnormalities
  • dead or sick fetus
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15
Q

what is the most common cause of fetal dystocia?

A

abnormal posture

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16
Q

what are obstructive dystocias?

A

mismatch in size between fetus and pelvis of dam
- fetus too large
- dam too small relative to fetus: first calf heifers, toy dog breeds

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17
Q

what are examples of maternal pathology?

A
  • decreased diameter of birth canal
  • pelvic fractures: mares
  • failure of cervical dilation: ewes ringwomb
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18
Q

what is ringwomb and what species does it affect?

A

sheep: cervix does not dilate fully and lamb cannot come out

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19
Q

how can we avoid hip lock?

A

rotate calf or foal 45 degrees so that widest points (hips and shoulders) don’t get stuck

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20
Q

what is mechanical dystocia?

A

abnormalities in presentation, position, posture

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21
Q

posterior presentation only accounts for about 1% of births but is very dangerous. why is this?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • tailhead can get caught on dorsal part of pelvis, need to push down to allow calf to come out
  • umbilical cord can get caught: if umbilical cord gets detached or caught on something, then the animal will not have an oxygen supply = why we need to be really fast getting them out!!
22
Q

what is the definition of a true breech?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • posterior presentation
  • dorsal sacral position
  • both hind limbs flexed at hip! all legs are facing backwards (ie towards dam and not towards opening)
23
Q

what is uterine inertia/

Study These Flashcards
A

failure of effective first or second stage labor

23
when fetal parts enter the birth canal, what gets stimualted?
ferguson reflex
23
a horse owner calls you concerned about a prize mare whose water just broke, but he isn't seeing any contractions. you go out and palpate the cervix, and all you feel is dorsal caudal tail segments. what is going on and what do you tell the owner?
the foal is in true breech orientation, and all of the legs are facing backwards. because the calf is in this position, no body parts entered the cervix and there is nothing engaged there, which means that the ferguson reflex didn't occur, which is what tells the mare to start contractions. need to get this foal out immediately, likely needs C section. as long as placenta and umbilical cord are attached, have a lil bit of time.
24
what is primary uterine inertia?
failure to initiate labor: bitch and sow, cows with hypocalcemia (milk fever)
25
what is J lube and what do you need to be cautious about when using it?
- J lube is a dry powder made in Loveland that gets added to water and can be used as an obstetrics lube. great lube to use to have in truck - it has an ADDITIVE in addition to the carboxymethylcellulose. this additive is TOXIC AND FATAL if it gets into the ABDOMINAL cavity. - therefore: DO NOT USE J LUBE IF YOU ARE GOING TO DO A C SECTION
25
what is secondary uterine inertia?
most common pushing and pushing and exhausts musculature: fatigue following prolonged labor
26
general rule of obstetrical intervention
- cleanliness - lubrication: fluids end up being gone, and if you pull a fetus that's dry it is very hard - expedience: progress should be made in 20-30 minutes
27
j lube should NOT be used if you surgery involves the
abdominal cavity- toxic and fatal
28
how can you restraint the mother?
- physical restraint - tranquilization - epidural anesthesia - GA
28
obstetrical PE
- diagnose/ID problem - determine if fetus is alive: palpation, US, EKG, etc. put finger in mouth to get suckle, pinch lip or tongue for withdrawl, pulse in umbilical cord = foal HR - formulate plan: vaginal delivery, C section, fetotomy
29
how can you determine if the fetus is alive?
palpation, US, EKG, etc. put finger in mouth to get suckle, pinch lip or tongue for withdrawl, pulse in umbilical cord = foal HR
30
what is mutation?
process by which a fetus is returned to a normal presentation, position or posture
31
what is repulsion?
pushing fetus cranially out of the maternal pelvic canal into the abdominal cavity where more space is available for manipulation
32
what is rotation?
turning a fetus on its long axis (ie moving the hips of a calf fetus to take advantage of the widest pelvic diameter to prevent hip lock)
33
what is version?
rotating a fetus perpendicular to its long axis to correct a TRASNVERSE presentation very difficult
34
extraction guidelines
- withdrawal of the fetus from the dam using outside force or traction - force of 2 people - pull during a contraction. want 1 shoulder at a time. widest part at front is shoulders! if 1 can come thru, then the other will come better too - relax in between contractions avoid using anything that can damage tendons
35
what is a head snare for?
to keep the calf's head straight
36
what are indications for extraction?
- uterine inertia - fetus not entering birth canal - epidural/GA - absence of uterine contractions - large fetus - fetotomy (after transection of retained body part)
37
what are contraindications for extraction/
- abnormal presentation, position or posture - excessively large or deformed fetuses - excessively small or stenotic cervix or birth canal
38
what is the difference between assisted vaginal delivery and controlled vaginal delivery/
- assisted: dam awake and either standing or recumbent - controlled: dam under general anesthesia. reduces straining, elevate hindquarters, no uterine contractions
39
what is a cesarean section?
sx where the fetus is removed from the uterus thru an incision thru the abdominal wall and the uterus: laparohysterotomy - routine in many domestic species. cattle tolerates this very well, horse would not survive if not under GA - procedure of choice if vaginal delivery is not possible and fetus is alive
40
what is a fetotomy?
operation performed on a dead fetus to expedite removal of the fetus from the uterus - reducing size of fetus by removal of specific body parts that are preventing normal vaginal delivery - use obstetrical wire to eliminate whatever part you need
41
determination of live/dead status of feuts
- finger in mouth for suckle - pinch tongue for reflex - pressure on eye for withdrawl reflex - pinch nose to evaluate reflex - detection of fetal pulse with umbilical cord and HB on chest
42
advantages of fetotomy
- reduces size of fetus: allows for extraction - avoids C section - may reduce trauma to dam - economics: less expensive
43
what are possible issues/complications to all obstetrical interventions?
- metritis, peritonitis - retained placenta - uterine, cervical or vaginal injury - reduction in future fertility: dependent on many factors
44
foal outcomes of dystocia
- survival rate: low to moderate - highly dependent on early recognition, duration and type of dystocia, intervention
45
mare survival of dystocia
survival rate: moderate to high
46
mare future reproduction chances with dystocia
pregnancy rate: good in the absence of trauma
47
wry nose
- nose twisted, often with other abnormlaities like neck - can have wry neck too. if born alive, are euthanized
48
schistosomus
failure of closure of the abdominal cavity: abdominal contents outside

Therio Exam 3 (11 decks)

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