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Therio Exam 3 > Pregnancy Loss in Small Animals > Flashcards

Pregnancy Loss in Small Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 types of pregnancy loss?

A
  • early embryonic death
  • fetal resorption
  • stillbirth
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2
Q

what is stillbirth

A

delivery of a full-term dead fetus

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3
Q

what is abortion?

A

deliberate pregnancy termination but used as term describing delivery of a fetus that can’t surive outside the uterus at any term

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4
Q

when does early embryonic death occur?

A
  • first few days after fertilization to time of implantation
  • for approx 18-19 days after LH peak, embryo is free floating in oviduct and uterus. thus death at this stage often goes unnoticed (resorbed)
  • difficult to diagnose and often considered as a component of infertility
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5
Q

how long are dogs pregnant for after ovulation?

A

63 days

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6
Q

when does fetal resorption happen?

A

first half of pregnancy
- fetus dies and is resorbed by the dam
- not related to litter size, usually related to age of sire and dam
- sac starts to get a skeletal appearance and see thick endometrium

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7
Q

when is pregnancy typically diagnosed? with what?

A

diagnosed 21-35 days via US

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8
Q

what is stillbirth?

A

delivery of dead fetus or death immediately after
typically occurs during second half of pregnancy, past resorption stage (calcification)

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9
Q

when can you take a rad and dx a pt as pregnant

A

day 45 usually

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10
Q

T/F: as age of dam increases, embryo resorption increases

A

true. over 4 yo = reproductively old

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11
Q

when is ultrasound recommended?

A

around day 28 from LH peak, NOT from breeding! day 26 from ovulation

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11
Q

T/F: there is no pregnancy specific gonadotropin (ie hCG eCG) for pregnancy diagnosis in the canine

A

true

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12
Q

what gonadotropin is useful for pregnancy diagnosis in canine?

A

none

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13
Q

when can you palpate a pregnancy?

A

discrete uterine enlargements best between days 22-35. depends on body condition

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14
Q

when is best to ultrasound for pregnancy?

A

best after day 22 (26-28)
day 28 from LH peak, not from breeding. day 26 from ovulation

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15
Q

when are fetal skeletons evident?

A

around day 46

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15
Q

what secretes relaxin? when is the test accurate?

A

secreted by fetoplacental unit
accurate day 30 or greater, in house test available

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16
Q

how differently is the sizes of the embryo during pregnancy?

A
  • 23 days post LH: size of a match head. 3-4mm fluid filled vesicle
  • 28 days post LH: heart flicker evident, 2.5cm fluid filled vesicle
    if US and can’t see anything, have them come back a week later
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16
Q

what are major viral causes of pregnancy loss?

A
  • canine herpesvirus 1a: most common viral cause
  • canine distemper virus
  • adenovirus (infectious hepatitis)
  • canine parvovirus 1 (CPV 1)
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17
Q

what is the most common viral cause of pregnancy loss in dogs?

A

canine herpesvirus 1a (CHV 1a)
causes pregnancy loss at all stages in canine
doesn’t have a vaccine :(

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18
Q

what is the most important bacterial cause of pregnancy loss in dogs?

A

brucellosis: especially with late term lost
check for it in every patient that comes into CSU

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18
Q

what is the most common bacterial cause of pregnancy loss in dogs?

A

streptococcus spp

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19
Q

what are reported bacterial causes of pregnancy loss in dogs?

A
  • brucellosis; most important.
  • streptococcus: most common
  • ecoli, part of noraml flora
  • campy, salmonella. if dam doesnt give immunity as well then puppy suscpetible
  • mycoplasma
  • lepto
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19
Q

what is fading puppy syndrome?

A

systemic sepsis, likely of bacterial overgrowth from lack of immunity transfer from dam

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20
what is the most common protozal cause of pregnancy loss in dogs?
neospora caninum also see toxoplasma gondii
21
what is hypoluteoidism and why is it important?
- low progesterone levels during luteal phase - 2ng/mL progesterone level necessary for pregnancy maintenance in dogs - diagnosis difficult and controversial in canine: rule out diagnosis by eliminating all other causes of pregnancy loss - HOWEVER. no bitches in study suffered abortion or preterm delivery in studies where they weren't supplemented progesterone
22
what level of progesterone is necessary to maintain pregnancy in dogs?
2ng/mL only supplement if it drops below this
23
progesterone supplementation is _________
controversial - poor maternal behavior - delayed or absent onset of parturition - poor milk produciton - masculinize female pups - cryptorchidism in male pups
24
why is maintaining a progesterone level above 2ng/dL important?
- pregnancy loss possible in 24-48 hours if it drops below this - controversial and difficult to document clinically: unsure if loss is due to P4 or another cause resulting in low P4 - likely heritable condition!
25
uterine pathology
- primarily referring to CEH/pyo complex: classic etiology - can be total loss if develops during pregnancy - predisposing factors: age of bitch, treatment with progesterone/estrogens
26
what is endometritis?
inflammation of uterine mucosa NOT EXTENDING beyond stratum spongiosum (endometrium-myometrium-perimetrium)
27
what is the stratum spongiosum?
broad intermediate layer of endometrium with a spongy appearance
28
what is the stratum compactum
superficial layer of endometrium with a compact stromal appearance
29
what drugs/toxins can cause pregnancy loss in dogs?
- chemotherapeutics: loss at any time - anti inflamms: no corticos for sure! - antifungals, spontaneous preg loss - hormones: avoid in all dogs!! - abx: certain classes
30
why must hormones be avoided in pregnant dogs?
- estrogens =preg loss - progesterone = disorders of sexual dvlp, poor maternal behavior, abnormal parturition - testosterone = fetal developmental abnormalities
31
what antibiotics should be avoided in pregnant dogs?
- no good = fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides - probably okay = beta lactams, lacosamide, macrolides
32
what systemic illnesses can cause pregnancy loss?
- diabetes - addison's - poor body condition: malnutrition - nutritional deficiency: A, D, Mg, Zn
33
how can aged gametes affect pregnancy?
after 4, just not as good and bad things happen. could result in genetic make up and abnormal development
34
how does maternal stress affect pregnancy?
- adverse uterine environment affecting fetal development - does result in negative effects to offspring development - cortisol - see mostly in performance dogs and heavy working dogs
35
what are clinical signs of pregnancy loss?
- vulvar dc: mucous to hemorrhagic to purulent - signs of systemic illness: V+, D+, fever, lethargy, anorexia - abdominal straining/discomfort - decrease in abdominal girth - NO CLINICAL SIGNS IN MANY CASES!!
36
T/F: in many cases of pregnancy loss, there are no clinical signs
true
37
if pregnancy loss is suspected, these patients need to be seen. what questions should you ask?
- signalment: how many litters? - general health, vaccines, meds, diet - systemic illness? - other dogs? - estrous cycles info - stage of preg and diagnostic method - signs of labor: panting, nesting, restless
38
how can you diagnose concurrent systemic disease?
- history/questions - PE - blood profile
39
how do you diagnose uterine pathology?
- EED/infertility - history - PE - US - biopsy
40
how can you diagnose embryonic/fetal defects or trauma?
- necropsy - histopath - cytology
41
how can you diagnose toxins?
- history/questions - PE - blood profile
42
what does urinalysis tell you w preg loss
evidence of renal dysfx: lepto?
43
why necropsy?
- note approximate age - condition: mummified? - congenital defects
44
diagnostics of deceased membranes/offspring?
- histopath: placenta, liver, kidney, lung, heart, brain - virology/bacteriology: placenta, lung, liver, kidney, spleen
45
what is gastroschisis?
congenital defect where abdominal walls fail to close completely, causing intestines to protrude outside the body
46
pregnancy loss in queens?
- poorly studied - causes similar to dogs - diagnostics similar to dogs
47
what is the gestation length in cats?
65-67 days
48
when can you palpate feti in cats?
20-25 days palpable fetal vesicles
49
when can you ultrasound a cat?
best after day 18
50
when can you radiograph a cat
fetal skeletons evident around day 40 or so
51
evidence of relaxin in cats
suggests accuracy for detection of pregnancy as early as day 25
52
what is the most common cause of abortion in cats?
viral causes!!!
53
what are viral causes of abortion in cats?
- feline panleukopenia: resorption/abortion if infected early in pregnancy, cerebellar if later - feline leukemia virus: abortion at any stage likely due to placental disruption - feline immunodeficiency virus: acute infection can result in abortion at any stage - feline enteric corona virus: aggressive form thought to cause abortion, but more important consequence is neonate death - feline herpesvirus 1: unknown mech of severe upper respiratory illness causes abortion
54
feline panleukopenia virus cats abortion
resorption/abortion if infected early in pregnancy, cerebellar if later
55
feline leukemia virus cats issues
abortion at any stage likely due to placental disruption
56
feline immunodeficiency virus issues cats
acute infection can result in abortion at any stage
57
feline enteric corona virus issues cats
aggressive form thought to cause abortion, but more important consequence is neonate death
58
feline herpesvirus 1 issues cats
unknown mech of severe upper respiratory illness causes abortion
59
are bacterial illnesses an issue in cats pregnanyc?
no, uncommon to cause abortion in cats maybe mycoplasma and ureaplasma
60
why is toxoplasma gondii such an issue in cats
- cats are definitive hosts and shed non sporulated oocysts in feces - toxoplasmosis doesn't appear to be an important cause of fetal death in cats except when preg queen gets bad systemic illness - abortion typically follows signs of systemic illness!!!!!****
61
in cats with toxoplasmosis, abortion follows what
signs of systemic illness
62
cats with toxoplasmosis are __________ ill before they abort
systemically ill
63
uterine pathology in cats?
less common, CEH or pyo complex - often few clinical signs - few changes except for occasional neutrophilia
64
T/F:in most cats, pregnancy loss is accompanied by some clinical signs
true
65
what are clinical signs of pregnancy loss in cats?
- vulvar discharge: mucous to hemorrhagic to purulent - signs of systemic illness: esp upper resp, fever, lethargy, anorexia, etc

Therio Exam 3 (11 decks)

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