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Glaciated Landscape - 2024 > OCR A Level GL - 1. OCR A Level GL 2.1a Glaciers as Systems > Flashcards

OCR A Level GL - 1. OCR A Level GL 2.1a Glaciers as Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a glaciated system?

A

an area covered by ice made up of components (stores) and processes (links). These systems store and transfer energy and material on a variety of time scales from days to millennia.

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2
Q

What materials are found in glaciated systems?

A
  1. Ice 2. Meltwater 3. Rock debris
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3
Q

Where is supraglacial material found?

A

on top of a glacier

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4
Q

Where is englacial material found?

A

within a glacier

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5
Q

Where is subglacial material found?

A

underneath a glacier

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6
Q

What types of energy are available to a glaciated landscape?

A
  1. kinetic 2. potential 3. thermal
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7
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy which a body possesses by being in motion.

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8
Q

When is kinetic energy evident in glaciated landscapes?

A

avalanches rockfalls mass movements basal sliding in a glacier

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9
Q

What is potential energy?

A

the energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to others.

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10
Q

What is thermal energy?

A

the energy that comes from heat. This heat is generated by the movement of tiny particles within an object. The faster these particles move, the more heat is generated.

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11
Q

What is an open system?

A

a material system in which mass or energy can be lost to or gained from the environment.

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12
Q

What are the inputs into glaciated landscape systems?

A

Materials Precipitation Avalanches Rock Debris Energy Gravity Solar Radiation Geothermal heat

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13
Q

What are the outputs in glaciated landscape systems?

A

Materials Meltwater Calving Sublimation Rock Debris Energy Heat

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14
Q

What are throughputs in glaciated landscape systems?

A

Materials
Movement of snow, ice, meltwater and rock debris through the system

Energy
Gravitational energy to kinetic energy
Frictional heat energy
Regelation

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15
Q

What is glacial deposition?

A

material is no longer transported

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16
Q

What is weathering?

A

the breakdown of rocks in situ.

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17
Q

What is mass movement?

A

the transport of soil, bedrock, rock debris or mud on steep coastlines usually via a rockfall, landslide, mudflow or slump.

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18
Q

What is glacial erosion?

A

the gradual destruction or diminution of something.

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19
Q

What is evaporation?

A

the process of turning from liquid into vapour.

20
Q

What is sublimation?

A

When a solid turns into a gas without first becoming liquid.

21
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

When a system’s inputs and outputs are equal

22
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

when a system undergoes self-regulation and changes until equilibrium is restored

23
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

negative feedback ensures that, in any control system, changes are reversed and returned back to the set level.

24
Q

What is glacier mass balance?

A

the advance or retreat of a glacier based on the ratio of inputs (accumulation) and outputs (ablation).

25
Q

Why is the mass balance of a glacier important?

A

they provide the key link between atmospheric processes and glacier extent helping to explain how climate change results in a change in extent and the formation of glacial features such as terminal and recessional moraines.

26
Q

What is accumulation?

A

when more ice and snow forms than melts.

27
Q

What is the accumulation zone?

A

in the upper reaches of a glacier where snow builds up year after year (accumulation exceeds ablation)

28
Q

What is ablation?

A

when ice and snow melts

29
Q

What is the ablation zone?

A

in the lower reaches of a glacier where more snow and ice melt than form (ablation exceeds accumulation)

30
Q

What divides the accumulation zone from the ablation zone?

A

the equilibrium line

31
Q

How do you calculate the annual budget of a glacier?

A

total accumulation - total ablation

32
Q

What is a positive mass balance and how would it be seen in a glacier?

A

a net gain of ice in a glacier over a year resulting in glacial advance

33
Q

What is a negative mass balance and how would it be seen in a glacier?

A

a net loss of ice in a glacier over a year resulting in glacial retreat

34
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A

in the daytime, water enters rock cracks and freezes (so expands) at night. Continued expansion and contraction exerts pressure and cracks the rock

35
Q

What is glacial erosion?

A

break-up and transport away of the valley floor and sides, caused by the enormous weight of a glacier and embedded rocks scraping away.

36
Q

What is an ice sheet?

A

a large expanse of continental glacial ice covering at least 50,000 km2.

37
Q

What is a valley glacier?

A

a large mass of ice, fed by larger bodies of ice, and corrie glaciers.

38
Q

What is internal deformation?

A

glacier movement that occurs when ice crystals orientate themselves in the direction of flow and slide past each other.

39
Q

What is a warm based glacier?

A

fast-moving, ‘temperate’, ‘alpine’ glaciers- meltwater at the base lubricates the glacier, reducing friction.

40
Q

What is a cold-based glacier?

A

slow moving, ‘polar’ glaciers- glaciers are frozen to their beds, and little meltwater is available.

41
Q

What is basal sliding?

A

movement of a glacier lubricated by meltwater below the ice- as pressure is great, the ice can melt at lower temperatures than normal.

42
Q

What is glacier ice?

A

blue ice with trapped air, formerly snow, but compressed overtime, flows downhill.

43
Q

What is subglacial meltwater?

A

the result of ice melting, changing to liquid at the base of a glacier, due to increased pressure at the base.

44
Q

What are subglacial tunnels?

A

eroded conduits beneath a glacier allowing for the flow of water under pressure and debris transport.

45
Q

What is subglacial till?

A

angular rocks and loose debris found at the base of a glacier, formed by erosional processes below the ice.

Glaciated Landscape - 2024 (15 decks)

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