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october lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

sources of saturated (bad) fats

A

meats, egg yolks, dairy, plant sources such as palm and coconut oil

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2
Q

detrimental effects of saturated fats

A

increased LDL and trigl. lvls
increase risk of atherosclerosis
MI/stroke, HTN, Obesity, and DM

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3
Q

what are trans fats

A

unsaturated fats = hydrogen ions

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4
Q

hepatobiliary disease

A
  • liver/gallbladder disease
  • decreased bile= decreased digestion of fat and absorption
  • fatty stools = steatorrhea
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5
Q

treatment for hebatobiliary disease

A

total low fat diet with ADEK vitamins in water form

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6
Q

total low fat diet with ADEK vitamins in water form is also used for …

A

choelithiasis and pancreatitis

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7
Q

atherosclerosis

A
  • plaque buildup in arteries
  • hardened and narrowed arteries cause HTN and ⬇ Q2 delivery to tissues
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8
Q

how is atherosclerosis caused

A

saturated and trans fats/ choelsterol in diet

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9
Q

diet for atherosclerosis

A

low saturated/trans fat/ cholesterol diet

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10
Q

what is a low trans fat/saturated fat/cholesterol diet used also for

A

hyperlipidemia and MI/stroke prevention

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11
Q

protein calorie math

A

4kcal/g

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12
Q

functions of protein

A

tissue building
transport
maintain fluid balance

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13
Q

plasma protein that holds fluid

A

albumins

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14
Q

decreased albumin leads to…

A

edema and ascites

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15
Q

Kwashiorkor is?

A

severe malnutrition of proteins in diet – liver cannot make albumin to keep fluid in the blood and out of the tissues

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16
Q

recommended protein intake per day

A

10-35% of daily calories or 0.8g/kg/day

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17
Q

essential amino acids

A

9
found in animal protein

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17
Q

three types of protein foods

A

complete
incomplete
complementary

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18
Q

vegetable proteins that are close to complete

A

soy and buckwheat

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18
Q

complete proteins

A

one serving with all 9 proteins
- meat, poultry, eggs, diary
- not gelatin

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19
Q

incomplete proteins

A

legumes
nuts and seeds
grains and pasta

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20
Q

complementary proteins

A

red beans and rice
bean tacos
peanut butter sammy

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21
Q

what is important (protein) to include in a vegans diet

A

complementary proteins

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22
Q

purpose of high-protein diet

A

raise blood albumin level

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23
use high protein diet for...
burns or wounds pregnancy/lactation critically ill vegans
23
protein ratio for high protein diet
1.2-1.6 g/kg/day
24
negative effects of high protein diet
loss of calcium and increased burden on kidneys
25
purpose of low protein diet
- hepatic failure - chronic kidney disease - gout (arthritis) - phenylketonuria (PKU) - celiac disease
26
purpose of low protein diet for hepatic failure pt
avoid ammonia toxicity because liver cannot convert ammonia to urea in liver failure
27
purpose of low protein diet for chronic kidney disease pt
avoid toxic BUN levels because kidneys are not excreting urea properly
28
purpose of low protein diet for gout pt
decrease purine to prevent the forming of uric acid crystals in joints - problem with breaking down purines found in proteins
29
food to avoid w gout pt
red organ meats fish turkey veal bacon
30
what helps with gout
increased fluids coffee cherries alkaline ask diet
31
alkaline ash diet
milk and cheese fruits (- cranberries and plums/prunes) avoid meat fish grains and eggs
32
phenylketonuria (PKU)
- missing liver enzyme to breakdown phenylalanine in blood - causes major brain damage in kids - recessive every baby in US is checked for this
33
tx for phenylketonuria
limit foods w protein and aspartame - esp in children and during pregnancy - infant formulas: lofenalac and phenly-free - strictly enforced till adolescence
34
celiac disease
autoimmune hypersensitivity to gluten protein in grains (genetic) - causes inflammation of intestinal villi, malabsorption of fats, steatorrhea
35
tx for celiac
avoid gluten (BROW)
36
gluten for celiac to avoid
modified starch Luncheon meats Gravies and sauces Commercially prepared foods (i.e. salad dressings)
37
substitutes for gluten
Corn: hominy, polenta Rice Quinoa Potato Tapioca
38
what fo antioxidants do
protect from CA and heart disease causing free radicals
38
dietary forms of vitamin A
retinol-- used directly; from animal sources beta-carotene: converted to vitamin A by liver; orange veggies; antioxidant
39
functions of vitamin A
see in dark prevent macular degeneration growth and development of bones, teeth, skin, and mucous membranes
40
#1 cause of blindness in USA
macular degeneration
41
lack of vitamin A causes
night blindness dry and hardenes epithelial keratinization
42
too much vitamin A causes
liver damage birth defects
43
function of vitamin D
- helps prevent colon CA - absorption of calcium and phosphorus - brain and cardiac function
44
what has to happen before vitamin D is useful
has to be activated in the kidneys
45
kidney failure = ?
inactivated vitamin D with low Ca2+
46
sources of vitamin D
- produced in skin by sunlight 10-20 mins - the more overweight you are, the more vitamin D you produce bc of more surface area of skin to make it - fish and egg yolks - fortified in milk, juice, and cereal
47
lack of vitamin D causes
- osteomalacia in adults - rickets in kids - osteodystrophy
48
what is osteodystrophy
kidney failure not absorbing calcium from foods, so it is pulled from bones by PTH - blood levels rise but bones demineralize
49
too much vitamin D causes...
hypercalcemia muscle weakness N/V bone pain polyuria calcium deposits - renal calculi and failure - in arteries
50
function of vitamin K
- antihemorrhagic - helps liver make 4 clotting proteins - prevents bleeding
51
sources of vitamin K
- green, leafy veggies - GI bacterial flora makes it
52
not enough vitamin K causes...
hemorrhage malabsorption of fat lack of bacterial flora
53
newborns get what injection 24-72 hours after birth
vitamin K
54
vitamin K toxicity?
none
55
antidote for coumadin
vitamin K - monitor PT/INR freq. K2= strong bones
56
vitamin E function
antioxidant topical on skin = decreased scars/ striae
57
lack of vitamin E causes...
- hemolytic anemia in premature infants - peripheral neuropathy
57
sources of vitamin E
veg oils nuts and seeds tomatoes spinach
58
too much vitamin E causes...
- impaired blood clotting d/t impaired platelets - stop taking prior to surgery
59
what about vitamins causes bleeding risk
not enough vitamin K or too much vitamin E
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nutrition (9 decks)

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