Ocular Pathology (Final Exam) Flashcards by Preeti Gulve

What are the 2 broad causes of corneal opacity?

Corneal Edema

Corneal Deposits

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Injury to the epithelium of the cornea will

result in an ulcer. How can you confirm that an

ulcer is, in fact, present?

Fluorescein Dye

(Ulcer will stain green)

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Glaucoma, due to increased IOP

results in injury to the _____thelium of the eye

ENDOthelium is injured in Glaucoma

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Immune-mediated injury to the endothelium of the cornea

resulting in diffuse corneal edema (Blue Eye) in puppies

is due to survival of the acute phase of this infection

in utero

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

CAV-1 (Canine Adenovirus)

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Inflammation of the cornea is known as

Keratitis

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The most common disease of the Lens

Cataracts

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Swelling or degeneration of the lenticular fibers

resulting in lens opacity is known as

Cataracts

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What is a “hypermature” lens?

A lens that has undergone chronic injury

and is now shrunken, wrinkled,

and most likely mineralized

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What are the 5 causes of cataracts?

Radiation (UV)

Diabetes Mellitus (high GLU in aqueous)

Trauma

Nutritional deficiency

Hereditary defect in lenticular metabolism

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What are the 6 causes of Retinal Degeneration

and Atrophy?

Senile change

Inherited metabolic defect of photoreceptor cells (PRAs/SARD)

Toxicity

Metabolic deficiencies (Taurine, Vit A)

Increased IOP (Glaucoma)

Retinal detachment

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An adult cat presents with acquired blindness.

Fundic Exam of the Retina reveals loss of photoreceptor cells,

outer nuclear layer, and plexiform layer.

What is your MDx?

Retinal atrophy (and degeneration)

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An adult cat presents with acquired blindness.

Fundic Exam of the Retina reveals loss of photoreceptor cells,

outer nuclear layer, and plexiform layer.

You have ruled out age, glaucoma, metabolic deficiency, and

inherited conditions. The retina is not detached. What is your

primary differential?

Toxicity

(Enrofloxacin)

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Histologically, what changes would you see in the

tissue layers of the eye in an animal with

increased intraocular pressure (IOP)/ Glaucoma?

Loss of nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers

but excellent preservation of photoreceptors and outer nuclear layer

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Retinal detachment is usually due to ____

inflammation

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Maturation of fibrin in vitreous humor resulting

in fibrous adhesions between ciliary bodies

is known as ________,

a tractional cause of retinal detachment

Cyclitic Membrane

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In retinal detachment, the retina separates

between which layers?

The neural and pigmented layers

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A detectable malformation of the trabecular meshwork

(abnormal and incomplete development of the

intraocular fluid channels)

Goniodysgenesis

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Goniodysgenesis is the cause of _____ glaucoma

primary

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________ glaucoma can be inherited in some breeds of dogs

Primary

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________ glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma

Secondary

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Obstruction of the pupil or the trabecular meshwork is

the cause of _____ glaucoma

secondary

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Exudative obstruction of the aqueous or vitreous humor

resulting in inflammation (and ultimately secondary glaucoma)

is known as

Endophthalmitis

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Lens luxation can result in ______ glaucoma

secondary

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A condition where the iris adheres to the cornea

Anterior synechia

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A condition where the iris adheres to the lens

Posterior synechia

Enlargement of the eyeball

Buphthalmos

Increased IOP (Glaucoma) can result in a number of conditions of the eyes. Name the 5 consequences of Glaucoma.

Buphthalmos Cataracts Corneal Edema Lens Luxation Retinal, Optic Nerve, and/or Iris Atrophy Optic Disc Cupping

Inflammation of the eyelids

Blepharitis

Granulomatous inflammation directed against the Meibomian Gland

Chalazion

Common name for the *S. aureus* infection of a hair follicle or Meibomian Gland of the eye

Stye

the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids

Conjunctiva

Inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.

Conjunctivitis

What is Chemosis?

Severe conjunctival edema

Primary pathogens are RARE causes of Conjunctivitis except in this species

CATS

What are the 3 primary pathogens that can cause conjunctivitis in cats?

* Herpesvirus (FHV-1)* * Chlamydophila felis* * Mycoplasma felis*

A thin layer of tissue that lies between the conjunctiva and the connective tissue layer that forms the white of the eye (sclera)

Episclera

This condition, seen in herding breeds of dog, but especially Collies, has an immune-mediated pathogenesis that results in granulomatous keratoconjunctivitis that is often bilaterally symmetrical

Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis

Chronic or persistent injury to the cornea results in this response

Cutaneous Metaplasia

The combination of the following is better known as this, a response to long-term injury to the cornea: Keratinization Pigmentation Epithelial hyperplasia Subepithelial fibrosis and vascularization

Cutaneous metaplasia

Keratomalacia is commonly known as

Melting Ulcer

Which pathogen is commonly implicated in keratomalacia (melting ulcers) of horses?

*Pseudomonas auruginosa*

A bulging forward of the posterior lining membrane of the cornea caused by the destruction of the substance of the cornea by infection

Descemetocele | (Descemet's Membrane)

Chronic Superficial Keratitis, is better known as \_\_\_\_\_\_

Pannus

This condition, seen in German Shepherds, has an immune-mediated pathogenesis which results in characteristic inflammation of the superficial corneal stroma

Chronic Superficial Keratitis (Pannus)

The scientific name for Dry Eye, which results from immune-mediated injury to the lacrimal glands, presenting as chronic irritation with notable mucopurulent exudate

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Inflammation of the iris

Iridis

Inflammation of the ciliary body

Cyclitis

Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

Anterior uveitis

Inflammation of the choroid

Choroiditis/Posterior Uveitis

Inflammation of the uvea, retina, and vitreous

Endophthalmitis

Inflammation of the uvea, retina, vitreous, cornea, and sclera

Panophthalmitis

Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye; when leukocytic exudate is seen in the anterior chamber

Hypopyon

abnormality in shape or form of the pupil or in the reaction of the two pupils

Dyscoria

a condition in which there is apposition of the iris to the lens or anterior vitreous, preventing aqueous from flowing from the posterior to the anterior chamber.

Iris bombe

The iris, ciliary body, and choroid comprise the

Uvea

\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when the lens capsure separates 360 degrees from the zonules

Lens Luxation

A shrunken non-functional eye is known as

Phithisis bulbi

This condition is the most common cause of blindness in horses, ponies, and mules. It presents clinically as periodic ophthalmia, moon blindness, and/or iridocyclitis. Inflammation is seen in one or both eyes.

Equine Recurrent Uveitis

Equine Recurrent Uveitis is due to hypersensitivity to a previous systemic infection particularly infection by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

*Leptospira interrogans*

This is the type of lens-induced uveitis that is caused by leakage of lens proteins from hypermature cataract

Phacolytic

This is the type of lens-induced uveitis that is caused by rupture of the lens

Phacoclastic

Retinitis can be caused by these 3 neurotropic viral infections

Rabies Pseudorabies Distemper

Retinitis can be caused by these 2 parasites that cause Visceral Larval Migrans

* Toxocara canis* * Baylisascaris procyonis*

Blood in the anterior chamber

Hyphema

What is the most serious consequence of Hyphema?

Glaucoma

In utero infection by BVD can cause this condition in lambs

Microphthalmia

There is an outbreak of ewes giving birth to lambs with craniofacial abnormalities (cyclopia). What is your primary ddx?

*Veratrum californicum* ingestion at day 14 of gestation

There is an outbreak of ewes giving birth to lambs with craniofacial abnormalities (cyclopia). What is the best approach to establish a cause?

Test the rumen contents for toxic plants

In utero exposure to this teratogen can cause developmental abnormalities in cats

Griseofulvin

Choroidal hypoplasia and coloboma are seen in this congenital bilateral eye disease. It can be a mild disease or cause blindness and is mostly seen in Collies

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)

A hole that may form in or near the optic disc due to a failed closure of embryonic tissue, seen in CEA

Coloboma

Retinal injuries in the embryonic eye can result in retinal dysplasia. These injuries are effects of infection by which 4 viruses?

BVD Bluetongue Canine Parvovirus Feline Panleukopenia Virus

An owner reports dark spots developing in the bright yellow eyes of their cat. What is your primary ddx?

Iris Melanoma | (most common intraocular neoplasm)

How does uveal (iris) melanoma differ in dogs and cats?

In cats, usually MALIGNANT In dogs, usually BENIGN

Which is more concerning: Melanoma of the haired skin of the eyelid in a dog, or melanoma of the conjunctiva in a dog?

Melanoma of the conjunctiva is usually MALIGNANT where as the other is usually benign

Ciliary (Iridociliary) Adenoma/Carcinoma are FAR more common in ______ than in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Dogs \>\>\>\> Cats

This type of malignant neoplasm of the uvea is very rare and arises following ocular trauma. It is UNIQUE to cats!

Intraocular Sarcoma

This is the most common metastasis involving the eye, especially in cats. It presents as thickening and pallor of the uvea and is difficult to distinguish from uveitis.

Uveal Lymphoma

If you have a cancer of the cornea + eyelids + conjunctiva it is most likely

SCC

All of the following can result in this disorder of the cornea: Staphyloma (derived from the uvea) Chronic Keratitis (response to injury) Porphyrins from tear film (Corneal Sequestrum in Cats)

Corneal PIGMENTATION

Ocular Pathology (Final Exam) Flashcards

(80 cards)