oestoporosis

Question 1

what are the two components of bone matrix

Answer 1

calcium and collagen

Question 2

what cells build bone

Answer 2

oestoblast

Question 3

what cells breakdown bone

Answer 3

oestoclast

Question 4

what cells sense changes in the bone

Answer 4

oestocyte

Question 5

what is osteoporosis

Answer 5

a disease characterised by low bone mass and micro-architechtural deterioration of bone tissue leading to bone fragility and increased risk of fracture

Question 6

what are the symptoms of osteoporosis

Answer 6

bone pain in back, hips, legs and feet
difficulty walking/limited mobility 
easily fractured bones 
pain, disability and risk of premature death 
loss in height over time

Question 7

osteoporosis most commonly affects ?

Answer 7

women - usually post menopausal

Question 8

what is bone mineral density used to predict

Answer 8

osteoporotic fracture

Question 9

what are the main factors that affect bone health

Answer 9

nutrition + environment 
physical activity 
genetics 
hormones 
smoking contributes to bone loss

Question 10

what are the two main nutrients that are important for bone health

Answer 10

calcium and vitamin D

Question 11

why is calcium important for bone health

Answer 11

main mineral in bones

gives bones their stiffness and strength

Question 12

why is vitamin D important for bone health

Answer 12

promotes bone formation and mineralisation

also promotes uptake of calcium in the gut and reabsorption on the kidney

Question 13

how does vitamin D deficiency affect bone health

Answer 13

impaired calcium mineralisation leading to rickets/osteomalacia

Question 14

how can low sun exposure affect bone health

Answer 14

80-90% of vit D comes from sunlight

Question 15

what populations are at risk of vitamin D deficiency

Answer 15

elderly/housebound
people who cover up all their skin in sun
countries at high latitudes

Question 16

how can physical activity affect bone health

Answer 16

gravitational, muscles, ground reaction forces all impact bone health
bone adapts to these forces changing external shape and internal architecture

Question 17

what factors contribute to an osteoporotic skeleton

Answer 17

weakened bone 
low BMD and mass
poor trabecular and cortical architecture
more bone resorption than formation 
low calcium and vit D

Question 18

why do fractures occur

Answer 18

when applied load exceeds the strength of the bone

Question 19

what are the three factors used in treatment of osteoporosis

Answer 19

drugs, diet and exercise

Question 20

treatment of osteoporosis aims to reduce one factor and improve another, what are these factors

Answer 20

inhibit bone resorption

stimulate bone formation

Question 21

what drugs are used to inhibit bone resorption

Answer 21

biphosphates - induce osteoclast death oestrogen receptor modulators - acts as oestrogen in bone and reduces osteoclast activity

Question 22

what drugs are used to stimulate bone formation

Answer 22

parathyroid hormone - activates vit D which increases calcium absorption in the gut and increases bone formation

Question 23

what are the negative effects of oestrogen replacement therapy

Answer 23

increased risk of breast cancer, CVD and stroke

Question 24

what supplements would be suggested for those with osteoporosis

Answer 24

calcium 500-2000 mg / day

vit D 20ug microgram

Question 25

exercise for those at high fracture risk

Answer 25

stair climbin, nordic walking,

no bending at waist, running any high impact