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BIOL 245 > Old Exam 3 > Flashcards

Old Exam 3 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

exploitation

A

interaction that enhances fitness of one while reducing fitness of the other

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2
Q

Intraspecific competition is competition ______ species.

A

within a

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3
Q

Interspecific competition is competition ______ species.

A

between

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4
Q

When does intraspecific competition play a major role in logistic population growth?

A

when populations are high (in upper part of s-curve)

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5
Q

Isoclines represent that line at which ______.

A

dN/dt = 0 (there is no change in the number of individuals)

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6
Q

character displacement

A

anatomical change in species that occurs as a result of competition

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7
Q

resource competition

A

competition where two individuals are using the same resources but do not come into direct contact with each other (ex. fighting)

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8
Q

Two species of bumblebees evolving to have slightly different mouth parts in order to seek nectar from similar flowers is an example of ______.

A

resource partitioning

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9
Q

adaptive radiation

A

diversification of a group to fill different ecological niches; can result from niche differentiation and character displacement

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10
Q

inducible defense

A

a defense that results as a reaction to a stressor (ex. herbivore feeds on a plant, causing it to produce chemical defenses)

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11
Q

Organisms with high adult survival rates tend to ______.

A

defer reproduction until they are older

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12
Q

parasitoid

A

immature insects that develop inside a host, then kill it

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13
Q

Dispersal strategy, seed number, survival rate of seedlings, and seedling growth rate are correlated with ______.

A

seed size

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14
Q

obligate mutualism

A

a mutually beneficial relationship where both parties fully depend on each other

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15
Q

facultative mutualism

A

a mutually beneficial relationship where both parties can function on own

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16
Q

phenology

A

study of cyclic and seasonal phenomena in nature

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17
Q

commensalism

A

relationship where one benefits and the other isn’t affected

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18
Q

Low availability of resources is an example of a ______ limitation.

A

bottom-up

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19
Q

Climbing a tree, flocking behaviors, large body size, and synchronized reproduction are all examples of a ______.

A

refuge

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20
Q

In a model of species interactions, a12 represents ______.

A

competitive effect of an individual from species 2 on rate of population growth of species 1

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21
Q

How does the relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and roots of plants work?

A

Bacteria live in root nodules produced by the plant and fix nitrogen into a usable form. The bacteria benefit because they can grow in a protected place and get food from the plant

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22
Q

If a predator only feeds on one type of prey it is a ______.

A

specialist

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23
Q

coevolution

A

when two species reciprocally affect each other’s development
ex.) a prey developing better defense mechanisms while the predator develops better ways to combat them

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24
Q

predator satiation

A

when a prey temporarily increases its population size so that each individual has a lower probability of being eaten

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25
myrmecochory
seed dispersal mutualism between ants and plants
26
How does natural selection affect two species in competition?
there is strong directional selection on both species to minimize competition
27
*model of exploitation (q28 on old exam)
28
In the Lotka-Volterra model of competition, populations can only coexist if ______.
isoclines of competitor populations intersect
29
What does the expression in parentheses represent: dN/dt = rN(K-N/K)
intraspecific competition
30
*isocline population dynamics
31
What are the four possible outcomes of interspecific competition?
competitive exclusion where species 1 wins, competitive exclusion where species 2 wins, unstable coexistence, stable coexistance
32
self-thinning
as plants in a species grow bigger they have to compete with each other more and some individuals lose out
33
What is the result of self-thinning and what is it an example of?
self-thinning results in decreased density but similar overall biomass; example of intraspecific competition
34
What are two things that can influence the outcome of interspecies competition?
- environmental factors: ex. food for one species becoming scarce - introduction of a third species if they are a predator to one of the original two
35
defensive mutualism
one individual receives food and shelter while the other is protected against herbivores/pests/parasites
36
gonadosomatic index
reproductive effort measured as percent of total body weight
37
How do you calculate GSI?
(ovary weight*# reproductive events/year)/body weight
38
What kind of plants have the largest seeds?
climbing plants
39
When adult survival is low, the age of maturity is ______.
early
40
Species with low adult survival produce ______ offspring.
many small
41
Which type of survivorship do r-selected species have?
III (low juvenile survival, high adult survival)
42
Which type of survivorship do K-selected species have?
I or II (constant death rate OR high juvenile survival, low adult survival)
43
r-selected species have ______ life spans, develop ______, mature ______, and have a ______ body size.
short; rapidly; early; small
44
K-selected species have ______ life spans, develop ______, mature ______, and have a ______ body size.
long; slowly; late; large
45
semelparity
living only to reproduce once
46
iteroparity
living to reproduce multiple times
47
What does it mean to have a ruderal life history? When is this life history dominant?
grow on waste or refuse; in high disturbance and low stress environments
48
When is the stress-tolerant life history dominant?
low distance and high stress
49
When is the competitive life history dominant?
low disturbance and low stress
50
exploitation competition
when one competitor is better at using the resource
51
interference competition
behaviors that reduce exploitation efficiency of others
52
When does competitive exclusion occur?
when two individuals have the same niche
53
competitive exclusion principle
no two species within the same niche can stably coexist
54
fundamental niche
"the whole box" where a species could possibly exist
55
realized niche
where a species can exist WITH competition
56
What does a (alpha) represent?
effect of competing species
57
Which type of competition is more important when a > 1?
interspecific
58
Which type of competition is more important when a < 1?
intraspecific
59
When can stable coexistence occur?
When a < 1
60
Species 2 moves ______ with population vectors.
left/right
61
Species 1 moves ______ with population vectors.
up/down
62
The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that growth of the host is limited only by ______.
the predator
63
The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the predator is ______.
a specialist
64
The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the predator can ______ and that the rate at which the predator consumes the host is determine by the ______ of the host.
consume an infinite number of hosts; abundance
65
The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the host and predator encounter each other ______ and in a(n) ______ environment.
randomly; homogenous
66
The Lotka-Volterra model of competition assumes that the conversion of hosts into new predators is ______.
instantaneous
67
In the Lotka-Volterra model of competition "rhNh) represents ______.
exponential rate of increase of the host
68
When is a disease fatal?
when the recovery rate = 0
69
In the SIR model of disease, what does B (beta) represent?
transmission rate
70
What does transmission rate/recovery rate equal?
R0 of disease
71
What happens when R0 of a disease is > 1?
epidemic
72
The relationship between the swollen thorn acacia and ants is an example of ______.
obligate mutualism

BIOL 245 (5 decks)

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