Oncology Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
Cats with GI LSA with CD4+ T cell lymphocytosis had a MST of ___ compared to those of CD5 low expressing T cell, which was ___ days.
A
272, 27.5, JVIM 2020
2
Q
Which vinca alkaloid achieves highest pulmonary concentration?
A
Vinorelbine
3
Q
Mechanism of action for procarbazine
A
antineoplastic drug that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and has some specificity for T cells. The cytotoxic effects of procarbazine are thought to be primarily via methylation of DNA bases
4
Q
The mechanism of action that metronomic chemotherapy offers (how is it anti-neoplastic)
A
Anti-angiogenesis and immunomodulatory (as opposed to cytotoxic) - examples are lomustine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil
5
Q
What does mesna do?
A
reduces the risk of cystitis associated with ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide by binding toxic metabolites in the urine (acrolein)
6
Q
The P-glycoprotein pump has what significance for chemotherapy?
A
Contributes to multi-drug resistance.
7
Q
What chemo drug classes are not substrates for Pglycoprotein pump?
A
Alkylating agents, platinum agents
8
Q
Late radiation side effects generally occur at least how long after radiation?
A
Over 6 months
9
Q
Common tumors that respond to radiation
A
Nasal carcinoma (not squam) and sarcoma (dog), nasal carcinoma and lymphoma (cat), pituitary tumors, most canine brain tumors, cat injection site sarcoma, dog agasaca/thyroid carcinoma/soft tissue sarcoma, most dog oral tumor ( melanoma, squam, fibrosarc)
10
Q
Mechanism of Oncept (cancer vaccine)
A
nucleic acid vaccine containing tyrosinase which is essential for melanin - over-expressed in melanomas (conflicting evidence whether this is helpful)
11
Q
Mechanism of action of toceranib (Palladia)
A
tyrosine kinase inhibitor - inhibits VEGFR2, PDGFRbeta, and KIT
12
Q
Which of the following situations is Palladia not helpful? agasaca; non-resectable MCT; metronomic chemotherapy; possible microscopic hemangiosarcoma
A
Possible microscopic hemangiosarc; Palladia does not seem to be good for microscopic metastatic disease
13
Q
What is Gr III neutropenia and thrombocytopenia?
A
Gr 3 - 500-999 (neutrophils), 25k-49k (plt)
14
Q
Most nadirs occur when? Which are exceptions?
A
6-8d. Carboplatin - 14d (dog), 14-25d (cats); lomustine (cats) - anywhere from 8-28d
15
Q
Give some chemo drugs that are inappropriate to give to MDR1
A
Vinca alkaloids, anthracycline (doxo, mitoxantrone),
16
Q
Some breeds known to be affected by MDR1
A
Collie (rough or smooth)!, Australian Shepherd (miniature or standard)!, McNab, Silken Windhound, Long-haired Whippet!, Shetland Sheepdog, and German Shepherd
17
Q
Increased risk of infection occurs when neutrophils are under what level?
A
<1k
18
Q
Cumulative, sometimes irreversible thrombocytopenia can occur with which chemo agents?
A
Lomustine, melphalan, chlorambucil [discontinue if you note decreasing trend or plts drop below 100k-125k]
19
Q
What to do if vinca alkaloid extravasates:
A
warm compresses, for 15-20 minutes duration, four times a day, for 2-3 days
20
Q
What to do if doxorubicin, epirubicin or dactinomycin extravasates:
A
cold compresses on the site of injury for 15-20 minutes duration, four times a day, for 2-3 day; can follow with dexrazoxane
21
Q
The most emetogenic chemotherapy drug?
A
Cisplatin
22
Q
What is the “max dose range” of doxorubicin for a dog with no heart disease?
A
180-240 mg/m2
23
Q
Cumulative and sometimes irreversible hepatotoxicity can occur with which chemo agent? What can be given to decrease the risk?
A
Lomustine (CCNU); Denamarin (S-adenosylmethionine and silybin)
24
Q
Chemotherapy agents with known nephrotoxicosis?
A
Cisplatin (dogs - no cats but not b/c kidneys), streptozotocin (dogs), ifosfamide (dogs and cats), doxorubicin (cats), potentially CCNU in dogs if high dose pulse/metronomic
25
Cancer related Drugs that cause allergic reaction?
L-spar - IgE reaction; decrease with diphenhydramine 15 min prior, do not give L-spar IV | Doxorubicin - nonIgE anaphylaxis; give slowly, can pre-med with diphenhydramine or dexamethasone but usually don't need to if slow administration (15-30 min)
26
What is stage V lymphoma?
Bone marrow, blood, or non-lymphoid (aka not liver spleen or lymph node) involvement
27
Most common canine lymphoma is what type
Diffuse large B cell
28
Siamese cats are over-represented for what type of lymphoma?
Mediastinal
29
Survival time of intermediate to high grade lymphoma without treatment in dogs/cats?
4-6w
30
Pattern of CHOP for dogs?
vincristine/pred, cyclophosphamide/pred, vinc/pred, doxo/pred, vinc, cyclophosphamide, vinc, doxo
31
MST for CHOP for dogs for nodal lymphoma?
Around a year (remission for 8 mo)
32
Single agent tx for nodal lymphoma for dogs?
Doxorubicin is best (MST 8 mo), if no IV - oral includes cyclophosphamide or CCNU
33
MST of pred for nodal lymphoma for dogs?
1-2 mo
34
When can reinduction with same chemo protocol be used for relapse of lymphoma?
If >2 mo have passed between cessation and relapse
35
General chemo treatments and MST for indolent lymphoma? Cutaneous lymphoma?
Indolent - chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide; treat only if there are signs or myelophthisis or organomegaly; MST of 2-3 years but generally normal life
Cutaneous - CCNU + pred; less responsive to chemotherapy; response time of 3 mo
36
What CD biomarker is present in acute lymphocytic leukemia as opposed to a stage 5 lymphoma?
CD34+
37
Dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia generally do not need chemotherapy unless clinical signs are noted. T/F?
True (and if they do- generally use chlorambucil +/- pred); eventually will become chemoresistant or progress to acute lymphocytic leukemia; MST 1-1.5y
38
Myeloproliferative disorders are generally associated with what disease in cats?
FeLV
39
What are components of hyperviscosity syndrome?
Bleeding; neuro signs (seizure, depression, coma); ophtho signs (retinal detachment, dilated /tortuous retinal vessels); increased cardiac workload
40
Signs of multiple myeloma?
Hyperviscosity, proteinuria, hypercalcemia, pain, immunodeficiency
41
Differentials for monoclonal gammopathies?
Multiple myeloma, lymphoid tumors (lymphoma, CLL, and ALL), chronic infections (e.g., ehrlichiosis, Leishmaniasis, feline infectious peritonitis [FIP]), and monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS)
42
What differentiates monoglonal gammopathy of unknown significance from multiple myeloma?
No osteolysis, bone marrow infiltration, or Bence Jones proteinuria
43
Main concern with melphalan?
Myelosuppression - thrombocytopenia in particular (CBCs biweekly for 2 mo and monthly thereafter)
44
MST for multiple myeloma in dog vs cat
MST 540d in dog; remission duration of 2-4 mo in cat
45
Most common digital neoplasm in dogs and cats?
Squamous cell carcinoma
46
Most common skin cell tumor in cat
basal cell tumor (can be pigmented)
47
Most common skin cell tumor in dog
Sebaceous cell tumor
48
What is the size of AGASACA that differentiates a MST of 3.5 years from 1.5 years with surgical excision alone?
2.5 cm (although…JAVMA 2018 found that nonmetastatic < 3.2cm has MST of 1237 d so almost 3.5y)
49
CD117 biomarker is consistent with what type of tumor?
Mast cell
50
Rank in order of malignancy for location of melanomas: Digital, eyelid, mucocutaneous, haired skin
Least malignant to most malignant- haired skin, eyelid, mucocutaneous, digital
51
Unless a sarcoma is small, an excisional biopsy should be avoided. What is this measurement?
<1 to 2 cm proportional to the size of dog/cat with lots of normal tissue around it
52
Four primary locations of hemangiosarc
Spleen, liver, skin/subcutis, heart (right atrium/auricle)
53
Most common tumor type in retroperitoneal space, and MST?
hemangiosarcoma, MST < 40d
54
What is the rate of metastasis for a canine rib tumor? (high, medium, low)
High - Metastasis was detected in 100% of dogs with rib OSA, 53% to 57% with CSA, 67% with HSA, and 100% of dogs with rib FSA at the time of death.
55
Most common tumors to metastasize to bone in dogs?
Bladder and prostate tumors (vertebra I'm guessing)
56
What breed of dog is predisposed to synovial cell sarcoma? What are common sites? How frequently is joint fluid analysis helpful?
Flat-coated retriever; stifle, elbow, shoulder, carpal, tarsal, and hip joints are most commonly involved (decreasing order of frequency). Generally joint fluid analysis does not show neoplastic cells - just shows chronic low grade inflammation (need rads/node check/biopsy)
57
Dogs with periarticular histiocytic sarcoma do better/worse than nonarticular forms?
Better (MSTs of 391 days vs 128 days - I'm guessing with treatment). Dogs with no mets MST (980 days) vs dogs with metastases (253 days)
58
Canine mast cell tumors can contain what genetic mutation which is associated with a worse prognosis (higher frequency of recurrence and metastasis)?
c-kit mutation
59
What are prognostics factors in MCT?
HISTOLOGIC GRADE, clinical signs, breed, LOCATION, recurrence. C-KIT, KIT protein localization, clinical stage, cell proliferation rate
60
Peripheral mastocytosis is not common in feline splenic MCT. T/F?
False
61
Features of canine histiocytoma?
Young dogs (<3 years), solitary skin mass (usually on head), can have high mitotic index, generally spontaneous regression within 3mo
62
Features of systemic histiocytosis in dogs? breed predilection?
Waxing and waning signs, cutaneous lesions Breed predilection in Bernese Mountain Dog +/- Rottweilers, Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers; dx with histopath; tx with immunomodulatory agents
63
Features of feline histiocytosis different than canine histiocytosis?
Canine has systemic and cutaneous form, feline is mainly cutaneous but can be systemic; feline generally does not spontaneously go into remission and poorly responsive to immunomodulatory agents - likely more similar to neoplastic process for cats while in canine the process is more like immune dysregulation
64
Cells that are positive for CD11 and CD18 are
histiocytic
65
Dogs with hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma are Coombs negative or positive?
Coombs negative
66
MST of hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma? What chemotherapy agent?
MST 163d, but if hypoalbuminemia/thrombocytopenia present then MST is <28d. CCNU or doxo
67
Predisposed breeds to UCC
SCOTTIE, West Highland White Terriers, Shetland Sheepdogs, and Beagles
68
MST of UCC with single agent vs combination agent
130-195d (on COX inhibitor) vs >250d (feel like this depends on a lot of factors though)
69
A dog presents with alopecia, gynecomastia, a pendulous prepuce, and asymmetrical testes. What tumor is this likely to be?
Sertoli cell
70
After what age in cats is there no benefit associated with spay to avoid mammary tumors?
after 2y
71
How often are canine mammary tumors malignant and how likely are they to recur after sx?
50/50 rule - around 50 (actually 60%) of mammary tumors are benign, and 50% of malignant tumors will recur or metastasize despite sx (prognosis is affected based on size, metastasis, clinical behavior)
72
Surgery is not recommended for most inflammatory mammary carcinomas. T/F?
True
73
Most common tumor categories reported with paraneoplastic IMHA?
Hematopoetic; occasionally solid tumors
74
Types of tumors that cause paraneoplastic neutrophilia?
Renal carcinomas (transitional cell and tubular), lymphoma, metastatic fibrosarcoma, pulmonary carcinoma, and rectal adenomatous polyps; paraneoplastic hypertrophic osteopathy
75
Types of tumors associated with paraneoplastic thrombocytopenia?
lymphoma, melanoma, HSA,
osteosarcoma (OSA), MCT, histiocytic malignancies, and various carcinomas; immune-mediated thrombocytopenia can be caused by lymphoma, multiple myeloma
76
What mutation in GSD is associated with nodular dermatofibrosis and renal cystadenocarcinoma and rarely with uterine leiomyoma and ovarian adenoma?
Mutation chromosomal region overlapping Birt-Hogg-Dubé locus.
77
Other differentials than pulmonary neoplasia causing hypertrophic osteopathy?
Renal, adrenal, metastatic Sertoli cell tumors and urinary bladder tumors; reported to occur with infectious/inflammatory pulmonary diseases, Spirocerca lupi esophageal granuloma, and bacterial endocarditis
78
What was typical presentation of English Bulldogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
lower class II MHC and CD25, younger presentation (6y) - JVIM 2016, JVIM 2020
79
What factors were associated with more aggressive disease in dogs with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
Boxer, >40% Ki67 expression (both MST around 170d), JVIM 2021
80
Which of the following populations is most associated with neoplastic disease in cats?
B cell, heterogeneous (≥2 lineages expanded)
CD4+ T cell
CD4−CD8− (double negative [DN]) T cell
and CD5-low-expressing T cell
CD4+ T cell, JVIM 2020
81
What was % response to MOPP chemotherapy in cats with lymphoma and median remission time in those that responded?
70%, 166d (so like 5 mo) - JFMS 2020
82
In cats who began treatment with lomustine, methotrexate and cytarabine chemotherapy for relapsed lymphoma, what was % response and median progression free survival?
46%; like 2 mo (61d) - JFMS 2021
83
What was MST of cats with mediastinal or high grade multinodal LSA with lomustine, vinc, doxo, pred?
MST 214d for mediastinal and not reached for multinodal JFMS 2021 (90% of cats in this study had FeLV and FeLV MST was 170d)
84
Median progression free survival time for feline gastrointestinal intermediate- or large-cell lymphoma with lomustine chemotherapy and 8 Gy abdominal cavity radiation therapy?
77d (JFMS 2021)
85
What% of cats treated for small cell GI LSA developed large cell?
10% JFMS 2019
86
What % of cats with intermediate to large cell GI LSA developed perforations after chemotherapy?
17% (JFMS 2018) not associated with tumor size, hypoproteinemia, or suppurative inflammation within mass
87
MST of steroids vs CHOP for cats with renal LSA (50% of which had multicentric)?
MST 50d vs 203d JFMS 2021
88
Cyclophosphamide as rescue therapy for chlorambucil tx in cats with low grade GI LSA provided what median progression free survival?
215 days - JFMS 2021
89
Dogs with LSA and with p53 mutation had what survival time?
67d (only 33% response rate) - JVIM 2016
90
Which of the following was associated with shorter survival?
Obesity and LSA
Obesity and osteosarc
Underweight and LSA
Underweight and osteosarc
Underweight and LSA JVIM 2016
91
Alternating Tanovea (rabacfocsadine) and doxorubicin had what progression free survival in dogs with multicentric LSA?
194 days aka like 6 mo (84% response rate) - comparable to CHOP JVIM2017
92
STAT3 expression is upregulated in diffuse B cell LSA dogs. T/F?
True - JVIM 2017 [supports development of JAK inhibitors as JAK activates STAT]
93
In a Australian study on canine LSA, being female and being neutered were higher risks for LSA. T/F?
False - MALE and being neutered JVIM 2018
94
Increased serum thymidine kinase 1 was associated with which of the following in dogs with non-Hodgkins LSA?
- Complete response
- Any response
- Stable disease
- Not responding fully
100% specific for not responding fully (76% sensitive) - JVIM2019
95
PARR performs best for which of the following:
lymphoma vs. non-lymphoma; B- or T-cell non-B or non-T cell samples
Lymphoma vs nonlymphoma JVIM2019
96
What breed of dog is known for having T-Zone Like cells of unknown significance? What supplement may prevent this from progressing to TZone lymphoma?
Golden retriever, omega-3 supplementation JVIM 2019
97
Neutrophilia may suggest poorer prognosis in dogs with multicentric LSA treated with CHOP. T/F?
True - JAVMA 2021
98
Dogs with higher grade nodal LSA treated with steroids had what MST?
50d JAVMA 2021
99
Mitoxantrone can be substituted for doxo in CHOP with no significant differences in survival T/F?
True - JAVMA 2019
100
MST of dogs > 14 years of age for CHOP with multicentric LSA?
202d JAVMA 2018
101
Sampling with what gauge needle provided best samples for flow cytometry if concerned for lymphoma in cats?
21g JFMS 2018
102
MST of intestinal LSA in dogs?
62d JAVMA 2018
103
Additional imaging is not associated with further information in dogs with cutaneous LSA. T/F?
false -CT scan did find evidence of additional involvement beyond what might be suspected clinically JAMVA 2021
104
c-KIT mutation did not predict MCT tumor response to vinblastine or Palladia. T/F?
True - JVIM 2018
105
What % of dogs with mast cell tumor treated with tigilanol tiglate had complete response by 28d?
75% JVIM 2021
106
What % of dogs treated with tigilanol tiglate remained tumor free in 6 mo?
89% (checked at 12mo but all recurred within 6 mo) - JVIM 2021
107
Normal-sized draining lymph nodes in dogs with MCT should still be aspirated. T/F?
True - can still show signs of metastasis -JAVMA 2017
108
Pre-op IV administration of diphenhydramine improved anesthetic stability in dogs with MCT during surgery. T/F?
false - dogs with diphenhydramine had lower BP and showed no benefit JAVMA 2017
109
Palladia provided benefit in what % of cats with MCT?
80% (JFMS somewhere)
110
What was associated with decreased survival in cats with intestinal MCT?
Degree of differentiation and mitotic index > 2 (JFMS 2016)
111
What agents were generally used in inducing remission in canine cutaneous plasmacytosis?
Lomustine or melphalan JVIM 2017
112
Melphalan as pulse or daily dose was acceptable for treatment of canine multiple myeloma. T/F?
True JVIM 2018
113
Which of the following correlated well with survival time for multiple myeloma?
Serum globulins
Radial immunodiffusion globulin
Decrease in densitometric M-protein
Decrease in densitometric M protein JVIM 2021
114
Free light chain multiple myeloma may eventually develop end-stage damage in what organ?
renal (JVIM 2021)
115
Histiocytic sarcomas can be common in what breed of dog?
Bernese Mountain Dog
116
MST in dogs with localized histiocytic sarcoma?
427d (JVIM 2020)
117
What % of dogs with hemangiosarc had skeletal muscle metastasis?
25% JVIM 2019
118
What % of dogs with incidental nonruptured splenic masses were benign?
70% (of 30% malignant, 60% were hemangiosarc) - JAVMA 2016
119
A cytology describing malignancy in a bone lesion should require histopathology for confirmation before treatment. T/F
False - no benign lesion was listed as malignant (100% specific) - JVIM 2017
120
MST of cutaneous or subcutaneous metastasis of appendicular osteosarc?
Grave - <2 mo (11d with no tx) - JVIM 2017
121
Potassium sparing diuretic has a synergistic or antagonistic effect on doxorubicin for canine osteosarc?
Synergistic (JVIM 2019)
122
Prevalence of incidental adrenal mass during abdominal CT in dog?
9% (JAVMA 2016)
123
Which of these is least likely to contribute to TCC development in dogs?
Low-activity GST-theta loc (which is risk in humans)
Insecticide use
Less rural households
Low-activity GST-theta (JVIM 2019)
124
Most common lower urinary tract location for TCC in cats? What was generally most effective treatment?
Trigone but only in 27% so majority did NOT have this here because most effective tx was partial cystectomy + NSAID. (Median progression free survival was like 4 mo) JVIM 2020
125
Was balloon dilation for obstruction due to UCC in dogs associated with long-lasting complications?
No - all resolved within a few days. Variable lasting effects but 75% (9/12) showed improvement JAVMA 2019
126
Most common clinical sign in feline AGASACA?
Perineal ulceration or discharge (JAVMA 2019)
127
What % of dogs became permanently urinary incontinent after radiation for urogenital carcinomas?
31% JVIM 2021
128
MST in cats with mammary adenocarcinoma with bilateral mastectomy?
542d (compared to 289 if only one side was performed) - recommended staging surgery - JAVMA 2018
129
Overall survival time for dogs with small intestinal adenocarcinoma with surgery? Which of the following was predictive of survival?
Lymph node mets, adjuvant chemo, NSAID administration, clinical signs, age
MST 544d; age - (those < 8 had significantly longer survival) - JAVMA 2019
130
What % of dogs with parathyroid carcinoma developed hypocalcemia 1 week after surgery? MST with surgery?
34% - MST 2 years JAVMA 2021
131
Intracavitary carboplatin seems effective for feline pleural carcinomatosis. T/F?
False - JFMS 2020
132
MST of gliomas treated with definitive RT?
around 3mo (JVIM 2021)
133
A larger preoperative tumor volume for intracranial glioma determined via MRI was associated with outcome. T/F?
False - it was not. Grade was associated. JAVMA 2018
134
Cats with intranasal carcinoma had progression free survival of how long with definitive intent radiation compared to palliative?
Like 500d compared to 200d (JVIM 2021) - however a "coarse palliative radiation course" reported a MST of like 340d (JFMS 2020)
135
What % of dogs receiving Palladia for GIST had clinical benefit?
73% JVIM 2018 - aka this study just said that you can use Palladia for GIST
136
MST of dogs with nasal tumors treated with stereotactic radiation?
388d (JAVMA 2018) - aka comparable to tradiational treatment
137
Median survival time of functional thyroid tumors treated with surgery in dogs?
MST 1072d (JAVMA 2020) (similar to nonfunctional)
138
Complication rate for unilateral thyroidectomy for thyroid tumor in dogs? (and MST?)
Complication rate was about 20% (hemorrhage [8%] and then aspiration pneumonia [3%] most common). MST 911d. (JAVMA 2019)
139
Which is associated with prognosis in feline melanomas? Location vs achromic phenotype
Achromic phenotype (not location)
140
Canine oral melanomas under __ mm had no lymphatic invasion, and those over __ mm all had lymphatic invasion.
6.5, 24.5 (JAVMA 2020)
141
What % of dogs became neutropenic following administration of noncompounded lomustine?
100% (JVIM 2016) [study was showing that compounded lomustine varied extremely in its actual potency and only 25% of dogs became neutropenic on similar dose - this was corroborated in a JAVMA 2017 study]
142
Which hormone did not change over time (90d) in dogs on Palladia?
tT4
fT4
TSH
tT4 - the others changed in a way consistent with hypothyroidism (fT4 decreased, TSH increased) - however ALL were still in ref range JVIM2018
143
In a study looking at pre-chemo neutrophil counts for dogs with LSA on CHOP, what was the neutrophil count cut-off below which chemo was not administered and was not associated with increased risk of toxicity?
1500 (dogs with neutrophil counts 1500-1999 were not associated with increased risk of toxicity) JVIM 2018
144
Vincristine is detected in canine urine for how long following administation?
3 days (ACVIM consensus)
145
What are the clinical cardiotoxic consequences of doxorubicin and what breeds are more at risk?
DCM (fractional shortening, VPCs); Boxers, Cocker Spaniels, Great Danes, Dobermans, Irish Wolfhound, Newfoundland (aka most of these breeds are at risk for cardio stuff anyways) JVIM 2019
146
Downregulation of what miRNA was detected earlier before significant changes to troponin occurred in doxo-induced cardiomyopathy?
-microRNA 16
-microRNA 122
-microRNA 502
miR502 JVIM 2020 (btw the other choices are relevant from other literature/organ systems)
147
What % of cats developed Cr > 0.3 while receiving doxrubicin?
34% (JVIM 2020)
148
What % of dogs on furosemide + oral metronomic cyclophosphamide developed sterile hemorrhagic cystitis?
3.6% (JAVMA 2016)
149
Which group experienced the least amount of GI adverse events?
Piroxicam + placebo
Piroxicam + omeprazole
Piroxicam + famotidine
Piroxicam + placebo (aka don't prescribe omeprazole or famotidine for prophylaxis with piroxicam) - JAVMA 2021
150
What % of sinonasal dogs that received RT developed KCS? What was minimum dose to get KCS?
20%: >20 gray (at least it kind of works out) - JVIM 2020
151
Major chemo drugs that MDR-1 mediated?
Anti-tumor antibiotics (doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, actinomycin, etoposide), microtubule inhibitors (vinca alkaloids), taxanes (paclitaxel, docetaxel)
152
Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations increased/decreased as iCa concentrations increased in dogs with cancer, whereas plasma 25(OH)D concentrations increased/decreased as iCa concentrations increased in healthy dogs
increased, decreased (JVIM 2017)
153
What % of benign bone infarcts had medullary lysis on rads?
70% (100% of malignancy ones did) - JAVMA 2020
154
Sensitivity of AUS to detect masses in liver or mesentery causing nontraumatic hemoabdomen in dogs?
37% (liver), 31% (mesentery)
Highest sensitivity was spleen - 87% JAVMA 2021
155
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle is the cell receptive to factors outside of the cell?
M phase, early G1 until R point
156
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene exerts its function by inhibiting/activating the cell moving from G1 to S / S to G2 / G2 to M phase. The gene is activated when it is hyperphosphorylated/hypophosphorylated.
Inhibiting; G1 to S; hypophosphorylated
157
Which cytokine has a growth inhibitory effect, immunosuppressive effect, and is sometimes released by cancer cells for immune evasion?
TGF-beta
158
A 7 year old DSH presents with nonpruritic scaling and mild erythema on head and pinnae. The chest feels mildly "noncompressible". Chest radiographs show a mediastinal mass. What is your diagnosis?
Thymoma. (paraneoplastic syndrome - exfolitative dermatitis - can progressively include neck, trunk, limbs)
159
Lymphocytes that express CD21 biomarkers are consistent with what type of lymphoma?
Mature B cell (CD79a is also another one more common in B neoplasm)
160
What do neoplasms that stain positively for vimentin indicate? How about desmin?
Vimentin - mesenchymal origin (lymphomas, sarcomas, melanomas)
Desmin - myogenic tumor (smooth and striated)
161
You have an expanded portion of lymphocytes in the blood from a dog that appear cytologically normal. Will PARR or flow cytometry give you the most information?
Flow cytometry (per CSU website)
162
You have an aspirate of spleen from a cat with a large population of small lymphocytes. Is PARR or flow cytometry most useful for determining if this is neoplastic?
PARR (per CSU website)
