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ACVIM SAIM Specialty 2023 > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

UPC variability should change by how much to be noted as a true change?

A

UPC must change by 35% for patients with UPC ≈12 and by 80% for
patients with UPC ≈0.5 for this to reflect a true change in UPC rather than day-to-day variability

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2
Q

A pooled sample should be pursued for animals with UPC over how much?

A

4

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3
Q

How to calculate spot fractional excretion?

A

( (urine concentration of electrolyte) x (plasma concentration of creatinine) ) / ( ( urine concentration of creatinine ) x (plasma concentration of electrolyte )) x 100

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4
Q

A large amount of granular casts in urine is most typical of what type of renal insult?

A

Ischemic or nephrotoxic renal tubular insult [which I guess consists of 100% of all possible insults lol]

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5
Q

Perinephric pseudocysts are generally associated with what disease? More common in cats or dogs?

A

CKD, cats.

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6
Q

Fractional excretion of Na in a volume responsive AKI (provided heart, glomeruli, and liver is normal) should be low or high?

A

Low (<1%)

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7
Q

Long-term risks for renal transplant cats?

A

Chronic fibrosis/atrophy, infection (toxo), peritoneal fibrosis, cancer (6x higher risk)

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8
Q

What is considered IRIS stage 2 CKD in cats?

A

Cr 1.6-2.8, SDMA >14 through 24

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9
Q

At what stage is protein restriction beneficial for CKD (not including if a patient is proteinuric)?

A

Stage 3 and up (but fine for stage 2s for the other beneficial aspects of renal diets)

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10
Q

Phosphorus should be kept under what value at which IRIS stages?

A

stage 1/2 - under 4.5, stage 3 - under 5, stage 4 - under 6

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11
Q

Dogs and cats on hypertensive medications should evaluated how often?

A

At least q3mo

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12
Q

How does uremic gastropathy differ in dogs vs cats?

A

Dogs more ulcerations/bleeding, cats more mineralization and fibrosis. JVIM 2017 paper found that cats with CKD do not have higher gastrin levels either compared to healthy cats.

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13
Q

Why can calcitriol levels be low in CKD? How will this impact FGF and PTH?

A

Not enough renal cells to hydroxylate calcidiol. This will make both FGF and PTH higher (also due to phosphate retention from CKD)

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14
Q

What is the goal of Ca x Phos product for an animal on calcitriol?

A

< 60 (ideally between 42-52)

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15
Q

What is the most common glomerular disease in cats?

A

Membranous glomerulopathy

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16
Q

Breeds of dog predisposed to familial renal amyloidosis? Breeds of cats?

A

Beagle, Sharpei, English Foxhound; Abyssinians (and Siamese?)

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17
Q

Breeds of dog predisposed to glomerulosclerosis?

A

Pembroke Corgi, Newfoundland, Doberman Pinscher

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18
Q

If found in the kidney, amyloid is frequently deposited where in sharpeis?

A

Medulla (also this way for Abyssinians)

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19
Q

Hereditary nephritis consists of a defect in what type of collagen?

A

Type IV - which is what makes up basement membrane

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20
Q

In what breeds of dog does hereditary nephritis generally result in terminal CKD by 2 years of age?

A

Samoyed, English Cocker (other breeds that may not have as bad progression- Dalmatian, Bull Terrier)

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21
Q

What is the gene responsible for cystinuria in Newfoundlands?

A

SLC3A1 (also present in Lab) - there is a test for this gene; a different mutation also in this also occurs in Australian cattle dog

(In minpin- SLC7A9)

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22
Q

What is the abnormal gene noted in Dalmatians that caused hyperuricosuria? What is the defect? What other breeds also have this?

A

SLC2A9 - mutation in uric acid transporter so uric acid can’t get into hepatocytes to be converted to more soluble allantoin - English Bulldog and Black Russian Terrier

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23
Q

Canine breeds reported to have primary renal glucosuria?

A

Scottish Terriers, Basenjis, Norwegian Elkhounds, and mixed-breed dogs

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24
Q

Why is K citrate a better option (or needed) for chronic administration in proximal RTA (type II) than sodium bicarbonate?

A

Alkalinization will result in more marked bicarbonate wasting and cause hypokalemia

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25
Q

Type I (distal) or type II (proximal) RTAs will generally need more alkalinizing agent to control pH?

A

Type II (proximal)

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26
Q

Type I (distal) or type II (proximal) RTAs will have a more severe acidosis?

A

Type I (distal)

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27
Q

Fractional excretion of bicarbonate increases, decrease, or stays the same with addition of more bicarb in type II (proximal) RTA?

A

Increases

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28
Q

How is the kidney able to maximally acidify urine in response to systemic acidosis?

A

The distal tubule is able to excrete H+
ions against a steep concentration gradient because of a hydrogen ion-adenosine triphosphatase (H+-ATPase) pump. Can generate ammonia to capture H+ ions by forming ammonium ions, which are subsequently excreted.

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29
Q

Breeds that may have familial predisposition for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?

A

Bernese, Brittany Spaniel (related to C3 deficiency)

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30
Q

Breeds of cats predisposed to polycystic kidney disease?

A

PERSIAN (and Persian mixes), Himalayan, British Blue

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31
Q

What gene is affected for polycystic kidney disease?

A

PKD1

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32
Q

Dog breeds affected by polycystic kidney disease?

A

Bull Terrier, Cairn Terrier, and West Highland White Terrier (WHWT)

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33
Q

Normal ureteral luminal width in a cat?

A

0.3-0.4 mm (hence why shock wave lithotripsy not recommended for ureteroliths in cats because the fragments are still too big to pass)

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34
Q

The most common clinical sign with ureterocele is

A

urinary incontinence

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35
Q

Most commonly affected breed with congenital urethrorectal fistulas?

A

English Bulldog

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36
Q

Corynebacterium can take up to how long before growing in urine culture?

A

4 days

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37
Q

Definition of simple UTI

A

Bladder infection that occurs no more than 6 months in otherwise healthy dog. UTIs in male intact dog and any cat is considered complicated.

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38
Q

CaOx former breeds -

A

Miniature Schnauzer, Shih Tzu, Yorkshire Terrier, Chihuahua, JRT, Bichon Frise, and Maltese. Lots of others - Japanese chin, MN pinscher, and Brussels griffon newly identified in JVIM 2019

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39
Q

Consumption of what component found in some dog foods can contribute to silica formation ?

A

Whole grains (rice, beet pulp, and
soybeans); also drinking water and plants derived from active geothermal locations

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40
Q

Cystinuric cats can present for what other signs besides lower urinary?

A

Can have neurologic (hypersalivation, seizures) due to secondary hyperammonemia arising from impaired intestinal absorption and excessive renal excretion of amino acids

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41
Q

Normal residual volume in male dog?

A

Generally 0.5 ml/kg (although a paper found that it could be up to 3.4 ml/kg)

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42
Q

Antibiotics that can cross blood prostate barrier?

A

Fluoroquinolone, TMS, kind of chloramphenicol (doesn’t reach as high as plasma levels) (clinda + macrolides also penetrate but they’re not good against E coli/gram negatives)

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43
Q

Prostate palpation is generally not painful with chronic prostatitis. T/F?

A

True

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44
Q

Most common cardiac change associated with hypertensive cardiomyopathy?

A

Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (consensus)

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45
Q

Consensus recommends annual screening dogs and cats over what age for hypertension?

A

9 years (consensus) - others like IFMS recommends monitoring every 12 months for cats aged 7–10 years, and every 6–12 months for cats aged 11 years or older

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46
Q

When treating for hypertension in an animal without target organ damage, when should blood pressure be rechecked? How about with TOD?

A

7-10 d; 1-3 d with TOD (consensus)

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47
Q

If you would like to culture urine following urine catheterization placement in a patient, by which route does ISCAID recommend?

A

Cysto (don’t say why though…)

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48
Q

You are treating a dog with a UTI associated with a cystolith. Culture of the cystolith shows a bacteria resistant to the antimicrobial you selected. The dog is clinically doing well. Is change in antimicrobial indicated?

A

No - ISCAID 2019

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49
Q

Duration of antibiotic treatment recommended by ISCAID for infection associated with non-infection-associated urolith (aka not struvite).

A

7d as long as signs resolve

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50
Q

In one study evaluating BUN/Cr ratios, dogs with a serum urea nitrogen concentration of ≤12 mg/dL were significantly more likely to have occult GIB than were dogs with serum urea nitrogen concentration ranging from >12 to ≤21.5 mg/dL. T/F?

A

True! Hence why BUN/Cr ratio is not indicator for GI bleeding. Basically paper said that PCV is middle to high range with elevated BUN/Cr ratio - unlikely GI bleeding and does not need prophylactic medications JVIM 2021

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51
Q

A longitudinal study in cats found what two variables were associated with development of CKD?

A

Frequent vaccinations and periodontal disease (JVIM 2016); JAVMA 2018 confirmed periodontal disease as well

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52
Q

Elevations in beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were found more frequently and in higher degree in which of the following groups? chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroidism or hepatic lipidosis

A

Hepatic lipidosis (JVIM 2016)

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53
Q

In a colony of beagles with CKD, SDMA on average increased how long before Cr increased?

A

9.8 months (JVIM 2016)
btw in cats it’s 17 mo

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54
Q

Urine cystatin C is a sensitive marker for CKD in cats. T/F?

A

False. NO cats with CKD had urine cystatin C. however, SERUM cystatin C was very specific (100%) but NOT sensitive (22%) (JVIM 2016)

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55
Q

Urinary F-2 isoprostanes increased or decreased with progressive CKD in cats?

A

Decreased (JVIM 2017) - this is OPPOSITE of what occurs in humans

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56
Q

Cats with CKD have a lower/higher TIBC, which supports a functional/absolute iron deficiency.

A

Lower, functional. (JVIM 2017)

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57
Q

What % of dogs receiving darbepoetin developed PRCA?

A

6% (2/33) JVIM 2017

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58
Q

How does FGF-23 try to alter phosphorus concentrations?

A

1) downregulating sodium-phosphorus cotransporters (NaPi-IIa and IIc) in renal proximal tubules; (2) inhibiting renal 1α-hydroxylase activity; and (3) increasing 24,25-hydroxylase activity [this breaks down VitD] (information from JVIM 2017)

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59
Q

NT-proBNP or cTnI c are both non-affected in dogs with stable CKD. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2017

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60
Q

Did benazepril extend survival time in dogs with CKD?

A

No - JVIM 2017

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61
Q

Cats with CKD on beraprost sodium saw improvement (i.e. lack of progression) in which parameters compared to placebo?

A

serum Cr and serum Phos to Ca ratio (JVIM 2018)

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62
Q

What is the specificity of elevated SDMA (>14) for predicting azotemia in a cat following I 131 treatment?

A

97.7%. But VERY insensitive (33%) JVIM 2018 (HOWEVER later paper JVIM 2019 said that SDMA does not correlate well with GFR)

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63
Q

What percent of CKD + hypercalcemic cats had detectable calcitonin levels?

A

33% (JVIM 2018)

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64
Q

What was associated with hypomagnesemia in cats with CKD?

A

Higher FGF-23 and risk of death. (JVIM 2018)

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65
Q

Which of the following was associated with decreased survival time in dogs with CKD? PTH, HCT, FGF-23, BCS > 5/9

A

FGF-23 (JVIM 2018)

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66
Q

In geriatric cat without azotemia, SDMA correlated with higher FGF-23. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2019

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67
Q

Which is a better biomarker for dogs with CKD undergoing dialysis - Serum creatinine or SDMA?

A

SDMA - JVIM 2019

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68
Q

What was frequency of bacteruria in dogs with CKD?

A

18%( JAVMA 2018) - 32% - most asymptomatic (JVIM 2019)

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69
Q

Decreased fecal microbiome diversity and richness is associated with CKD in cats. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2019

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70
Q

What is indoxyl sulfate and its significance in CKD cats?

A

Colonic derived uremic toxin, increased in CKD cats JVIM 2019

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71
Q

Ultrasonographic renal cortical thickness trends with increased serum creatinine in CKD cats. T/F?

A

True JVIM 2020

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72
Q

Urine hemojuvelin is not shown to be increased in cats with renal disease compared to normal cats. T/F?

A

False - JVIM 2020

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73
Q

Cats with CKD have increased levels of gene transcription of hypoxia-induced mediators of fibrosis. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2020

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74
Q

What % of cats with CKD had a medullary band sign on ultrasound?

A

74% JVIM 2020

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75
Q

Bacteruria in CKD cats was not associated with decreased survival. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2020

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76
Q

Which was more specific in detecting cats with CKD - SDMA or serum Cr?

A

Serum Creatinine - JVIM 2020 [ Creatinine had higher specificity (94%-96%) than SDMAplasma (75%-76%) (P < .05).]

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77
Q

Decreased serum levels of which two minerals were associated with increased tCa after phos restriction in diet in cats?

A

K and Phos (JVIM 2021)

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78
Q

Cats that become hypercalcemic while eating a severe phosphorus restriction diet may become normocalcemic with less phosphorus restriction.T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2021

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79
Q

Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) can be considered an early biomarker for CKD in cats. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2021

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80
Q

Cats with experimentally induced CKD had what changes to fTLI and fPLI (if any)?

A

increased in fTLI, no change to fPLI (JVIM 2021)

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81
Q

What breed cat has higher SDMA and serum creatinine than other breeds?

A

Birman (JFMS 2018)

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82
Q

Most common pattern of protein loss in cats with CKD was glomerular. T/F?
Were these low molecular weight or high molecular weight?

A

True, generally low molecular weight JFMS 2020

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83
Q

Urinary F2-isoprostane markers (evidence of oxidative stress) were highest in stage 1 vs stage 2 CKD?

A

stage 1 (JFMS 2021)

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84
Q

A hypertensive patient that is dehydrated should have hydration corrected before applying anti-hypertensives. T/F?

A

True - (consensus) - as most anti-hypertensives will worsen GFR (the RAAS is trying to maintain renal perfusion). The exception is if rapidly progressive target organ damage is present

85
Q

Changes to cPLI or cTLI during induced AKI in dogs?

A

Not significant - JVIM 2016

86
Q

NGAL:creatinine ratio preceded creatinine increase in gentamicin-induced AKIs by how many days?

A

8 days (day 8 vs day 16) JVIM 2016

87
Q

What were the odds of developing high grade AKI for each day HES was given in dogs? How about for cats?

A

1.18x odds JVIM 2017. No findings in cats. JVIM 2017

88
Q

Can SDMA be used to differentiate between canine AKI and CKD?

A

No - JVIM 2017; they were significantly different in that CKD > AKI but too much overlap

89
Q

6% tetrastarch and LRS appear not to cause AKI when used for volume replacement after hemorrhage in healthy non-septic dogs. T/F?

A

True -JVIM 2018

90
Q

What was the prevalence of cPLI > 400 in dogs with AKI that needed dialysis?

A

62% (JVIM 2018) but NOT a diagnostic indicator!

91
Q

Urinary NGAL specificity can be limited by what factor in dogs?

A

Systemic inflammation (JVIM 2020)

92
Q

What was discharge rate in cats with acute on chronic kidney injury and median survival time?

A

58%, 66 days. JVIM 2020

93
Q

What was prevalence of systemic hypertension in dogs that presented for AKI? How many became fluid overloaded at presentation or during hospitalization?

A

75%, 42% JVIM 2020

94
Q

What was mortality rate in dogs with acute on chronic kidney injury and median survival time? Was Cr at discharge associated with survival?

A

35%, 105d. Cr at discharge NOT associated with survival, UNLIKE cats. JVIM 2020

95
Q

presence of retroperitoneal fluid in cats with AKI on ultrasound was associated with what condition?

A

Oliguria/anuria (JFMS 2019)

96
Q

What will fenolodopan do to fractional excretion of sodium in healthy dogs? (it induces renal vasodilation). Did it improve survival of dogs that had AKI and heatstroke?

A

Increases fractional excretion (JVIM 2016); no (JVIM 2018)

97
Q

What does oral prednisone do to serum cystatin C in dogs?

A

Increases it (JVIM 2017)

98
Q

What was the mean difference between the minimum and maximum USG on morning USG in healthy dogs?

A

0.015 (JVIM 2019)

99
Q

Mannitol increases FE of urea nitrogen and sodium with bolus injection and CRI. T/F?

A

False- only bolus. Overall bolus of mannitol improved urine production slightly in healthy dogs but CRI did not (JVIM 2019)

100
Q

In a study evaluating hyperthyroid cats before and after I131, did SDMA correlate well with GFR?

A

No (JVIM 2019)

101
Q

Upregulation of miRNA16 may be correlated to what urological condition in cats?

A

Pyelonephritis (or E coli specific pyelonephritis) - JVIM 2020

102
Q

increasing the SDMA cutoff to what value in nonazotemic dogs increases specificity without compromising sensitivity?

A

18 (JVIM 2020)

103
Q

What % of cats had no long term effects from nephrectomy (feline kidney donors)?

A

84% (JAVMA 2016)

104
Q

What % of dogs with idiopathic renal hematuria had bilateral involvement?

A

<20%

105
Q

Ultrasound guided biopsy of what size needle should maximize diagnostic quality?

A

16G (JAVMA 2018)

106
Q

Culture of pyelocentesis did NOT provide an advantage over performing bacterial culture from lower urinary tract. T/F?

A

True - JAVMA 2019

107
Q

Complication rate of antegrade pyelography?

A

25% (JAVMA 2019)

108
Q

In cats, the resistance index of the right kidney can be higher for what other diseases that the RI of the left kidney is not?

A

Renal tumor, polycystic kidney disease (JFMS 2016) - except this was not true ( as in resistive indexes are the same) in a JFMS 2018 study so idk

109
Q

Serum cystatin C and urinary cystatin C was higher in hyperthyroid cats than normal cats. T/F?

A

True - JFMS 2016 (not true for FIV) AND is not a good indicator for CKD (JVIM 2016)

110
Q

Renal abscesses are generally associated with comorbidities in cats. T/F?

A

True - JFMS 2017

111
Q

No significance difference was found in renal width on ultrasound between pyelo cats and CKD cats. T/F?

A

True - JFMS 2017

112
Q

How common was hyperammonemia in a study involving azotemic cats?

A

22% - none involving CKD (JFMS 2021)

113
Q

Platelets are more likely to be hyper/normal/or hyporeactive in cats with uremic crisis?

A

Hyper - JFMS 2021

114
Q

A cat with ureteral obstruction can still have a renal pelvic dilation < 4mm. T/F?

A

True - JFMS 2021

115
Q

In Persian cats, how many cysts need to be present to diagnose polycystic kidney disease in a cat over 5 years? how about in a cat 1 year old?

A

More than 4 in cat over 5 years (50 months technically), just one is sufficient in a cat <15 mo

116
Q

Elevated serum cardiac troponin I can be found in cats with compromised renal function. T/F?

A

True - JFMS 2021

117
Q

What % of healthy geriatric dogs were considered proteinuric on cysto/free catch urine?

A

25% (JVIM 2017)

118
Q

What % of Min Schnauzers with primary hyperlipidemia were proteinuric? What was prognosis for proteinuria associated with hyperlipidemia?

A

44%, suspected to be good as none became azotemic/hypoalbuminemic JVIM 2017

119
Q

In a survey from the European Renal Pathology Service, what % of biopsies had immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis?

A

50% JVIM 2017

120
Q

In a 2017 study evaluating pooled vs average vs single evaluating medically treated PLN dogs in hospital, the authors concluded that UPC findings were similar among all methods. T/F?

A

True - HOWEVER there was higher variability between single vs pooled and average UPCs for UPC > 4. JVIM 2017

121
Q

Dogs with Borrelia glomerulopathy were more likely to have what clincopathologic changes compared to other glomerulopathies?

A

Pyuria/glucosuria/hematuria with negative urine culture; anemia/thrombocytopenia, azotemia, neutrophilia, hyperphosphatemia (sad kidneys that look like lepto) - JVIM 2019

122
Q

Dogs with PLN have altered amino acid status. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2019

123
Q

What % of dogs might be missed if you only cultured urine of dogs with UPC > 0.5 if there were lower urinary tract signs or pyuria/bacteruria?

A

1.8% (JVIM 2020)

124
Q

In a 2020 study, UPCs measured in hospital vs at home in dogs were similar. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2020

125
Q

Incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and median survival time?

A

26%, 258d (JVIM 2020) - shorter if Cr >2 or albumin < 2

126
Q

Dogs with PLN had lower/normal/higher concentrations of Vitamin D metabolites in blood?

A

Lower - JVIM 2020

127
Q

What % of dogs became azotemic with combination therapy of ace-i + telmisartan for proteinuria?

A

31% - JVIM 2020

128
Q

What % of dogs became azotemic on telmisartan before the first follow-up appt? What % had self-limiting GI signs?

A

5%; 10% had GI signs - JVIM 2021

129
Q

Cats on chlorambucil for GI LSA were reported to develop what type of proteinuric disease?

A

Acquired fanconi’s (glucosuria, amino aciduria, 1/4 became pu/pd) - JFMS 2016; resolved within 3 mo of stopping therapy in 75% of cats

130
Q

Cats with FIC (clinical signs) had higher UPCs than normal cats. T/F?

A

True lol - JFMS 2017

131
Q

What is the signalment for a cat for which you would suspect ICGN?

A

Young, male cat - JFMS 2020 [age of onset young, males over-represented]

132
Q

Cats with ICGN had higher UPCs than cats with other glomerular diseases. T/F?

A

False - JFMS 2020 although both median UPCs were still high (14.5 compared to 6.5)

133
Q

Other than incontinence, what is another sign of ureterocele?

A

Ureteral obstruction (JVIM 2019)

134
Q

What % of SUBs cats had post-operative bacteruria (before discharge from hospital)?

A

25% - most were symptomatic (JVIM 2019); another JVIM 2021 supported this percentage as well

135
Q

Measurements over what numbers in renal pelvis and max ureteral diameter were always associated with stones in cats?

A

Renal pelvis > 5 mm and ureteral diameter> 3mm (JVIM 2021); in consensus (2016) they actually said >13mm for renal pelvis from a JAVMA 2014 paper

136
Q

Mean survival time of cats with SUBs placed? (AMC study)

A

821 days (JVIM 2021)

137
Q

Signs of chronic lower urinary tract disease and chronic urinary tract infection were significantly more common among cats with than cats without ureteral stents for benign ureteral obstructions. T/F?

A

True - JAVMA 2016

138
Q

Cats with ureteral stent placed had better improvements in azotemia than cats that had ureterotomy only for benign ureteral obstructions. T/F?

A

True - JAVMA 2016

139
Q

What breed was most common for congenital distal ureteral orifice stenosis?

A

Labrador retriever (JAVMA 2018)

140
Q

In a JAVMA 2017 paper evaluating treatment of ureterolithiasis in cats, complications were higher in the SUBS or ureteral stent group?

A

Ureteral stent - SUBs had longer survival time and lower risk complications (JAVMA 2017)

141
Q

What % of dogs following ureteral stent placement for benign obstruction were noted to have UTI post-stent?

A

26% (JAVMA 2018) - 59% were noted to have UTI pre-stent

142
Q

What was the most common long-term SUB device complication in cats (give %) and what was the median days leading up to this occurring?

A

Mineralization in 24%, around 424 days/18 months. SUB occlusion was associated with higher iCa JAVMA 2018

143
Q

Sensitivity of ultrasounds to assess for ureteral strictures in cats?

A

44% (very specific though) - also u/s very good (Se 98%, Sp 96%) for ureteroliths - JAVMA 2019; JFMS 2018 also kind of supported the lack sensitivity in saying ultrasound not as a good as pyelogram to detect stricture

144
Q

What were factors associated with post-obstructive diuresis (duration and severity) in cats treated for ureteral obstruction?

A

BUN, Cr, K, phos - duration and severity; changes in BUN/Cr from pre to post block related to duration (JAVMA 2019)

145
Q

All cats without an obstructive complication had a renal pelvis under what value 3 months post-op for SUB placement?

A

3.5 mm (JFMS 2018)

146
Q

Cats with lower anesthetic rectal temps during SUB surgery were more likely to have what kind of complication?

A

Positive urine culture (JFMS 2021)

147
Q

What was complication rate and survival time in SUBS in cats from a non-AMC instutition?

A

80% complication, MST 274d (JFMS 2021)

148
Q

What can be used to treat obstruction from blood clot in SUBs cat?

A

tissue plasminogen activator (JFMS 2021)

149
Q

What was prevalence of subclinical bacteriuria in older cats?

A

10-13% over 3 years (JVIM 2016) - not associated with survival

150
Q

What % of dogs with recurrent UTI had near complete or complete clinical cure 2 weeks after intravesicular infusion of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Escherichia coli 2-12?

A

4/9 client owned (no research animals showed signs after infusion) - JVIM 2018

151
Q

What cytokines were significantly associated with FIC cats?

A

IL-12 (p40; P < 0.0001), CXCL12 (P = 0.002), IL-18 (P = 0.032), and Flt3L - JVIM 2018

152
Q

E coli growth in vitro was highest in what type of pH of urine and in concentrated vs nonconcentrated?

A

Neutral to acidic; dilute - JVIM 2018

153
Q

Can E coli form biofilms?

A

Yes -JVIM 2018 - cannot distinguish between ones that can vs ones that can’t

154
Q

Does low-dose meloxicam add benefit in cats with treated for FIC alongside phenoxybenzamine and alprazolam?

A

No - JVIM 2019; JFMS 2016 also reported no improvement with 5d admin

155
Q

What is considered a risk factor for candiduria in both dogs and cats?

A

recent (<30d) antimicrobials (JVIM 2019)

156
Q

Clavamox would be the better empirical choice over amoxicillin in dogs from the mid-western US for treatment of E coli UTI. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2020.
Also in cats NO e coli were susceptible to clavamox or amoxi

157
Q

What % of dogs with recurrent UTI had anomalies on cystoscopy?

A

45/53 (85%) - JVIM 2020

158
Q

Comorbidities for Enteroccoccus bacteria in dogs?

A

lower urinary tract (LUT) anatomic abnormalities, urolithiasis, and the presence of LUT neoplasia (JVIM 2020)

159
Q

Are Urinary F2-isoprostanes useful for detecting UCCs in dogs?

A

No (JVIM 2020)

160
Q

Dogs with proliferative urethritis had the longest duration of patency associated with stent placement or balloon dilation?

A

Stent placement ( 843 days vs 452 days) - JVIM 2021

161
Q

How do dogs with proliferative urethritis generally present? Sex predilection?

A

Urethral obstruction. All female. (JVIM 2021)

162
Q

For urine culture run immediately or on refrigerated urine samples, is a urine transport tube or silicon coated tube better?

A

Silicon-coated tube (JAVMA 2016)

163
Q

Persistent cystotomy site thickening can be present up how long after sx for urolithiasis?

A

3 months (JAVMA 2018)

164
Q

ESBL E coli are generally susceptible to which antibiotics?

A

Carbapenems and also to amikacin, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and piperacillin-tazobactam (JAVMA 2018)

165
Q

Are silver-coated catheters beneficial for preventing urinary tract infections in dogs?

A

No - JAVMA 2018

166
Q

Does urinary bladder lavage prevent in-hospital recurrence rate for urethral obstructions in male cats?

A

No JAVMA 2019

167
Q

In a Norwegian study on FIC cats, what were risk factors for FIC? What were other factors listed in another JFMS 2018 study?

A

overweight, nervous - JFMS 2016
male, no vantage point, apartment living, multicat household, non-clumping litter - JFMS 2018

168
Q

Subclinical bacteruria was associated with what factors in cats?

A

Female, pyuria, lower USG, presence of CKD (JFMS 2017); JFMS 2020 said female and hepatic disease

169
Q

Modified environmental management is only helpful in FLUTD cats with FIC. T/F?

A

False - helpful for any etiology b/c FIC may be contributing factor to other signs - JFMS 2019

170
Q

Recurrence rate in cats with FLUTD?

A

58% - JFMS 2020 (JFMS 2021 somewhat supported this as well - said 46% did not have recurrence)

171
Q

What was FLUTD related mortality rate in cats?

A

20% (JFMS 2021)

172
Q

Spaying dogs with adult weight of <15kg in first year may increase risk of developing USMI. T/F?

A

False - did not matter what time you spayed dogs < 15kg. Waiting to spay dogs > 25 kg later in first year does decrease risk of USMI JVIM 2017

173
Q

What % of biopsies for proliferative urethritis were FISH+?

A

50% - some of these were neg on urine or tissue culture. JVIM 2019

174
Q

Mean duration of continence with cross-linked gelatin as a bulking agent for the management of urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence?

A

11 months JVIM 2020

175
Q

Top 2 causes of urinary incontinence in cats? What % improved with treatment /not euthanized?

A

Spinal cord disease and urethral disease. 50% - JVIM 2020

176
Q

What was associated with re-obstruction following catheter removal in urethral obstruction cats?

A

Abnormally colored urine JAVMA 2017

177
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the bladder comes from what nerve segments?

A

S1-S3

178
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the bladder comes from what nerve segments in spinal cord in dogs vs cats

A

L1-L4 dogs, L2-L5 in cats

179
Q

The cerebellum plays what part in the detrusor reflex?

A

Inhibitory - so disorders of cerebellum can result in hypermicturition

180
Q

Most well documented complication with perineal urethrostomy?

A

UTI

181
Q

Did prazosin decrease risk of urethral obstruction in cats?

A

No - JFMS 2021

182
Q

What is the function of CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) and why might it be significant in dogs with caOx urolithiasis?

A

Changes active 1,25 OH2 D to less biologically active metabolites 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [24,25(OH)2D] and 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D [1,24,25(OH)3D], respectively. May be decreased conversion in some canine CaOx formers (JVIM 2019)

183
Q

What % of upper urinary tract uroliths in dogs are struvite?

A

20-30% (consensus 2016)

184
Q

Urine Ca:Urine Cr cut-off with hi specificity (93%) but low sensitivity (53%) for stone formers in Miniature Schnauzers?

A

0.06 (JVIM 2020)

185
Q

Top 3 stones submitted in cats to Davis Lab from 2005-2018? For dogs?

A

Struvite, CaOx, urate; CaOx, struvite, urate as well (JVIM 2021). In dogs they noted an increase in cysteine stones

186
Q

Did calcitriol levels differ between dogs with a polymorphism (rs852900542) for VitD receptor and control dogs?

A

No - JVIM 2021; HOWEVER dogs without gene had a significantly lower UCa:UCr ratio (JVIM 2021)

187
Q

In a study evaluating medical dissolution of struvite stones, what was full dissolution success rate over median of how many days?

A

58% (29/50) of dogs within a median of 35 days (range, 13-167) (JVIM 2021)

188
Q

Acidic urine + CaOx crystalluria was predictor of CaOx urolith status in dogs. T/F?

A

False - JAVMA 2016

189
Q

What were indications for endoscopic nephrolithotomy in dogs?

A

large calculi displacing parenchyma, recurrent UTI, ureteral outflow obstruction - JAVMA 2019

190
Q

In a study evaluating medical dissolution of struvite stones in cats when did most stones completely dissolve?

A

Within 1 mo, 1 cat dissolved at day 70. JFMS 2021

191
Q

Hypothermia can occur in uremic dogs and cats. T/F?

A

True - JVIM 2016

192
Q

What other enzyme besides ACE can form angiotensin II?

A

Chymase (Released from mast cells, cardiac fibroblasts, and vascular endothelial cells during acute and chronic tissue injury and remodeling)

193
Q

Renin is generally released in response to what factors?

A

Low systemic BP
Hypovolemia
Sodium deprivation
Sympathetic stimulation

194
Q

Non-azotemic, hypertensive cats generally had low/high aldosterone concentrations with low/high renin activity.

A

High, low (JVIM 2013 but referenced in JVIM 2019 review)- unlike dogs. This is why RAAS agents may be better for hypertension for dogs and amlodipine used more commonly in cats.

195
Q

IDEXX SediVue was not sensitive for detecting what on urine microscopy?

A

Squamous epithelial cells (JVIM 2019) - Sens 33% (very specific though - 98%)

196
Q

What was sensitivity of SediVue evaluating for casts?

A

Like 52% (very specific - 90-99%) JVIM 2021

197
Q

Uroabdomen frequently occurs from a defect where?

A

Bladder -56% (trauma was most common - 47%) - JAVMA 2018

198
Q

Recessed vulvas were associated with higher risks of UTIS than dogs without. T/F?

A

False - they were not. Recessed vulvas were correlated with higher BCS and in earlier spayed (<1 y) dogs. JAVMA 2021

199
Q

Type of water bowl had minimal effect on drinking in a study looking at laboratory cats. T/F?

A

True - JFMS 2019

200
Q

What cytokine is believed to be the main mediator of renal fibrosis?

A

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-B1) - JFMS 2019

201
Q

What was biochemical value in feline uroabdomens that correlated with survival to discharge?

A

Cr (JFMS 2019)

202
Q

A dog with systolic blood pressure of 190 mmHg and no evidence of target organ damage should have BP checked how frequent within what amount of time?

A

twice within 2 weeks; if 160-179, recheck twice within 8 weeks. ACVIM consensus

203
Q

Purpose of medullary collecting duct?

A

Reabsorb <10% of water and sodium, permeable to urea (maintains gradient), another site for ADH (other sites are distal tubule and collecting tubule)

204
Q

Normally, filtrate leaving the loop of Henle is hypo-osmostic, iso-osmotic, or hyperosmotic to plasma?

A

Hypo-osmotic

205
Q

uNAG is sensitive for glomerular or tubular damage in AKI, and for glomerular or tubular damage with proteinuric CKD?

A

Tubular; glomerular

206
Q

Which biomarker has little overlap with AKI and UTI?
- Kim1 in dogs
- NGAL in dogs
- Urine Cystatin B in dogs
- Urine GGT in dogs

A

Urine cystatin B

207
Q

What was MST of ICGN (confirmed by biopsy) in cats treated with immunosuppressives?

A

244d (compared to 17d if not treated) JVIM 2020

208
Q

Infectious disease in cats associated with glomerulonephritis?

A

Chronic bacterial infections, Mycoplasma polyarthritis, FeLV, FIV, FIP, cytauxzoon

ACVIM SAIM Specialty 2023 (12 decks)

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