ONCOLOGY Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER RELATED TO SMOKING AND ALCOHOL, ARISING IN THE MIDDLE 1/3
A
SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
2
Q
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER RELATED TO ACID REFLUX AND BARETT’S ESOPHAGUS ARISING IN TTHE DISTAL 1/3
A
ADENOCARCINOMA
3
Q
INITIAL SYMPTOMS OF ESOPHAGEAL CANCER IN MAJORITY OF PATIENTS
A
ROGRESSIVE DYSPHAGIA AND WEIGHT LOSS
4
Q
THRESHOLD OF DYSPHAGIA
A
> 60% OF ESOPHAGEAL CIRCUMFERENCE IS INFILTRATED
5
Q
TYPE OF GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA WITH LOSS OF CELL COHESION DEV3LOPING THROUGHOUT TH3 STOMACH RESULTING TO LOSS OF DISTENSIBITIY (LINITIS PLASTICA OR LEATHER BOTTLE APPEARANCE)
A
DIFFUSE TYPE
6
Q
TYPE OF GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA FREQUENTLY ULCERATIVE AND INVOLVING THE ANTRUM AND LESSER CURVATURE
A
INTESTINAL TYPE
7
Q
GASTRIC CANCER METASTATIC TO THE OVARY
A
KRUKENBERG TUMOR
8
Q
GASTRIC CANCER METASTATIC TO HTE PERIUMBILICAL REGION
A
SISTER MARY JOSEPH NODES
9
Q
GASTRIC CANCER METASTATIC TO THE SUPRACLAVICULAR LYMPH NODES
A
VIRCHOW NODES
10
Q
MOST COMMON SITE FOR HEMATOGENOUS SPREAD OF GASTRIC CANCER
A
LIVER
11
Q
ONLY CHANCE OF CURE FOR GASTRIC CANCER
A
COMPLETE SURGICAL REMOVAL OF TUMOR AND RESECTION OF ADJACENT LYMPH NODES
12
Q
MOST FREQUENT SITE OF EXTRA-NODAL LYMPHOMA
A
STOMACH
13
Q
PRIMARY TREATMENT OF GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA
A
ERADICATION OF H.PYLORI AS LONG IT HAS NOT TRANSFORMED INTO DLBCL
14
Q
THREE DATES IN A WOMAN’S LIFE WITH MAJOR IMPACT OF BREAST CANCER RISK
A
AGE OF MENARCHE
FIRST FULL TERM PREGNANCY
AGE AT MENOPAUSE
15
Q
BEST TIME FOR BREAST EXMAINATION
A
DAYS 5-6 OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
16
Q
MOST IMPORTANT PROGNOSTIC VARIABLE IN BREAST CANCER
A
TUMOR STAGE
17
Q
HORMONAL TREATMENT FOR BREAT CANCER WHICH INCREASES THE RISK OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
A
SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS (SERM)
18
Q
TREATMENT THAT INCREASES BREAST CANCER RISK BUT DECREASES OVARIAN AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCER RISK
A
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE PILLS
19
Q
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY DIRECTED AGAINST THE ERB/HER2-NEU RECEPTOR USED FOR BREAST CANCERS
A
TRASTUZUMAB
20
Q
METHOD USED TO ASSESS HORMONAL AND HER-2 STATUS OF BREAST CARCINOMAS
A
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY (IHC) WITH ER, PR AND HER-2/NEU
21
Q
USUALLY DONE IF IHC FOR HER-2 IS EQUIVOCAL TO ASCERTAIN HER-2 POSITIVITY
A
FISH
22
Q
MAJORITY OF LUNG TUMORS ARE
A
CARCINOMAS
23
Q
PRIMARY CAUSE OF LUNG CANCER WORLDWIDE
A
SMOKING
24
Q
MOST COMMON HISTOLOGY OF LUNG CANCER OVERALL
MOST PREVALENT TYPE OF LUNG CANCER AMONG WOMEN
YOUND ADULTS AND NON-SMOKERS PRESENTING PERIPHERALLY
A
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE LUNG
25
RESULTS FROM LOCAL EXTENSION OF TUMOR GROWING INN THE APEX INVOLVING C8 AND T1-T2 NERVE ROOTS WITH SHOULDER PAIN RADIATING TO THE ULNAR DISTRIBUTION AND HORNER’S SYNDROME
PANCOAST SYNDROME OR SUPERIOR SULCUS TUMOR
26
MOST COMMON LIFE THREATENING METABOLIC COMPLICATION OF MALIGNANCY ASSOCIATED WITH SQUAMOUS CELL CANCER OF THE LUNG
HYPERCALCEMIA FROM ECTOPIC PTH/PTH-RELATED PROTEIN PRODUCTION
27
PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
SIADH, CUSHING’S SYNDROME. LAMBERT EATON SYNDROME
28
TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR EARLY (STAGE 1 OR 2) NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
SURGICAL RESECTION
29
TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
CHEMOTHERAPY
30
MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE
LUNG CA
31
2ND MOST COMMON CANCER WORLDWIDE
BREAST CA
32
CHARACTERISTIC OF COLONIC POLYPS MOST ASSOCIATED WITH MALIGNANCY
SIZE (>4CM) (SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT) , VILLOUS ARCHITECTURE, HIGH-HGRADE DYSPLASIA
33
MULTIPLE POLYPS IN THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES WITH OSTEOMAS, FIBROMAS ADN CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM
GARDNER’S SYNDROME
34
FAMILIAL AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT CONDITION WITH MULTIPLE POLYPSS (POLYPOSIS COLI)
FAP (FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS)
35
MULTIPLE POLYPS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE WITH BRAIN TUMORS (MEDULLOBLASTOMA AND GLIOBLASTOMA )
TURCOT’S SYNDROME
36
MULTIPLE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINAL POLYPS (HAMARTOMATOUS/JUVENILE), MUCOCUTANEOUS PIGMENTATION, TUMORS OF THE OVARY, BREAST AND PANCREAS
PETUZ-JEGHERS SYNDROME
37
HEREDITARY AUTOSMAL DOMINANT PREDISPOSITION TO COLON, OVARIAN AND ENDOMETRIAL CANCERS CAUSED BY DEFECTS IN DNA MISMATCH REPAIR
HEREDITARY NONPOLPOSIS COLON CANCER (LYNCH SYNDROME)
38
Most effective class of agents to reduce the risk of colon adenomas and carcinomas
Aspirin and NSAIDs
39
Usually non-obstructive discovered late with iron deficiency anemia
Right-sided colon cancers
40
Usually with obstructive symptoms and apple-core or napkin ring deformity on barium studies
Left- sided colon cancers - descending colon
41
Hematochezia, tenesmus, narrowing of stool caliber
Rectosigmoid cancers
42
Most important prognostic factors in cooorectal carcinomas
Depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis
43
Most frequent visceral site of metastasis for colon cancer
Liver
44
Backbone chemotherapeutic agent for colon cancer and acts as a radiosensitizer for treatment of rectal cancer
5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
45
Most common location of pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic head
46
Most common environmental risk factor for pancreatic cancer
Smoking
47
Most common physical sign in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
hepatomegaly
48
Candidates for resection of HCC
Non-cirrhotic or Child-Pugh A cirrhosis
Single lesion
No metastasis
49
Variant of HCC associated with younger females, elevated blood neurtensis levels, no cirrhosis
Fibrolamellar HCC
50
Most common benign liver tumor
Hemangioma
51
Benign liver mass associated with contraceptive use, with variable potential for malignant change (depending on type) and risk of bleeding, Hypovascular lesion with no uptake on liver scan
Adenoma
52
Benign liver mass with characteristic central scar, hyper vascular with dense capillary blush in angiography, with normal to increased uptake in liver scan
Focal modular hyperplasia
53
Most useful diagnostic tool in differentiating between benign and malignant liver massages
Triphasic CT scan
54
Mucin-producing Adenocarcinoma that arise from the bile ducts, majority of which are located in the hilar or central area
Cholangiocarcinoma
55
Parasitic infection associated with cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis
| Opistorchis viverrini
56
Modular Tumors arising at the bifurcation of the common bile duct
Klatskin tumors
57
Adenocarcinoma arising within 2cm of the distal end of the common bile duct
Ampullae carcinoma
58
Palpable gallbladder associated with obstructive biliary malignancy
Courvoisier’s sign
59
Standard surgical procedure for pancreatic head and uncinate tumors
Pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (modified whipple’s procedure)
60
Lack of an endonuclease necessary for thymidine dimer repair > increased susceptibility to skin cancer of all types
Xerderma pigmentosum
61
One or few small waxy semitransluscent nodules forming around central depression that may be ulcerated, crusted or bleeding, edge is rolled or pearly with rodent ulcer, rarely metastasises. Most common cancer in humans
Basal cell carcinoma
62
Most common type of basal cell carcinoma
Classical or nodular type
63
Most common site of basal cell carcinoma
Face/head and neck area
64
Dome-shaped, elevated har infilitrating lesion (deeply nodular) may eventrually develop an ulcer, occurs on sun-exposed areas
Squamous cell carcinoma
65
Major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Chronic long term sun exposure
66
Known precursor lesion of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Actinic keratosis
67
Most common type of melanoma
Superficial spreading
68
Characteristics of a malignant lesion melanoma (versus benign Nevus)
```
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color variegation
Diameter >6mm
Change in the lesion
```
69
Single greatest determinant of metastasis of melanoma
Depth of invasion (Breslin thickness)
70
Single greatest risk factor for melanoma
Personal history of melanoma
71
Most common type of melanoma in dark-skinned individuals and Asians
Acral lentiginous melanoma
72
Single most important prognostic factor for melanoma
Regional lymph node metastasis
73
Most important determinant of outcome in melanoma
Early excision
74
Most composite of malignancy in the urinary tract
Urinary bladder
75
Most common histology of bladder cancer
Urothelial
76
Most common presentation of bladder, renal pelvis, and ureteric cancer
Painless hematuria
77
Most moon environmental risk factor for bladder and renal cell carcinoma
Smoking
78
Parasitic infection associated with urinary bladder infection
Schistosomiasis hamatobium
79
Most common histopathologic type of renal carcinoma
Clear cell carcinoma
80
Classic triad of renal cell carcinoma
Hematuria
Abdominal pain
Flank or abdominal mass
81
Site were most prostate cancers develop
Peripheral zone
82
Predominant therapy to reduce future risk of prostate cancer diagnosis
5-alpha reductive inhibitors (finasteride/dutasteride)
83
Test to establish prostate cancer diagnosis
Transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsy
84
Tumor marker: gestational trophoblast is disease; gonadal germ cell tumors
Found in pregnancy
Human chorionic gondotropin (hCG)
85
Tumor marker: medullary thyroid carinoma
| Found in acute/chronic renal failure; hypercalcemia; hypergastrinemia
Calcitonin
86
Tumor marker: pheochromocytoma
Found in stress and CNS trauma
Catecholamines
87
Tumor marker: hepatocellular carcinoma and Gondar germ cell tumors
Found in cirrhosis and hepatitis
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
88
Tumor marker: Adenocarcinoma of colon, pancreas, lung, breast and ovary
Found in pancreatitis; hepatitis and IBD
Carcinoembryonic antigen
89
Tumor marker: Prostate carcinoma
Prostatic acid phosphatase
90
Tumor marker: Small cell carcinoma of lung; Neuroblastoma
Found in hemolysis, hepatic failure, ESRD
Neuron-specific Enolase (NSE)
91
Tumor marker: Lymphoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, Dysgerminoma
Found in: hepatitis, haemolytic anemia; exudative pleural effusions
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
92
Tumor marker:: Prostate carcinoma
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
93
Tumor marker: Myeloma
Monoclonal immunoglobulins
94
Tumor marker: ovarian carcinoma; some lymphomas
CA-125
95
Tumor marker: pancreatic, gallbladder & biliary system (cholangiocarcinoma), colorectal cancer
CA 19-9
96
Tumor marker: Breast carcinoma
Found in PID, Lactation and Pregnancy
CA 15-3, CA 27-29
97
Tumor marker: Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
CD30
98
Tumor marker: Hairy cell leukaemia; Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma
CD25
99
Oncologic Pathogen:
Burkett and nasal T-cell lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, HHV-4)
100
Oncologic pathogen:
Gastric carcinoma
Gastric MALT lymphoma
Helicobater pylori
101
Oncologic Pathogen:
| Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
102
Oncologic Pathogen:
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Marginal zone lymphoma of the spleen
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
103
Oncologic Pathogen:
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Kaposi’s sarcom
Squamous cell carcinoma of the urogenital tract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
104
Oncologic Pathogen:
| Carcinoma of the cervix, penis, anus, vagina, vulva, tonsils, base of the tongue, oropharynx
High-risk papillomavirus (e.g. HPV-16)
105
Oncologic Pathogen:
Adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma
Human T-cell virus (HTLV-1)
106
Oncologic Pathogen:
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Multicentric Castleman disease
Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, HHV-8)
107
Oncologic pathogen:
| Merkel cell carcinoma
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV, MCV)
108
Oncologic Pathogen:
| Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
Schistosomiasis
