one health and pandemics Flashcards
(40 cards)
what is an endemic
Endemic meansa disease that is always present in a population within a geographic area, typically year-round.
- epidemic vs pandemic
While an epidemic is large, it is also generally contained or expected in its spread, while a pandemic is international and out of control
What is “One Health’’
an approach that recognises that the health of people is closely connected to the health of animals & our shared environment: it looks at how interdependent human and animal health is, and how it links to outside.
examples of one health
how we have diet and biodiversity loss and air pollution and disease vectors and population movement all linked
what is zoonotic spillover
The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”.
what % of human infectious diseases are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species
60-75%
example of one zoonotic spillover disease
e.g. bird flu can mix with something easily spread, like another influenza virus, it can have a zoonotic spillover into humans.
how do germs spread between animals and people? (5)
- Direct contact:
- indirect contact:
- Vector-borne:
- Foodborne:
- Waterborne:
direct contact
Coming into contact with the saliva, blood, urine, mucous, feces, or other body fluids of an infected animal. Examples include petting or touching animals, and bites or scratches
indirect contact
Coming into contact with areas where animals live and roam, or objects or A surfaces that have ben contaminated w surfaces that have been contaminated with germs. Examples include aquarium tank water, hti germs. e.g. include aquarium tank water, pet habitats, chicken coops, barns, plants, and soil, as well as pet food and water dishes.
vector borne method
Being bitten by a tick, or an insect like a mosquito or a flea.
food borne method
Each year, 1/6 Americans get sick from eating contaminated food. Eating or drinking something unsafe, such as unpasteurized (raw) milk, undercooked meat or eggs, or raw fruits and vegetables that are contaminated with feces from an infected animal. Contaminated food can cause illness in people and animals, including pets.
waterborne
Drinking or coming in contact with water that has been contaminated with feces from an infected animal.
common one Health issues include
emerging, re-emerging, and endemic zoonotic diseases, neglected tropical diseases, vector-borne diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety, and food security, environmental contamination, climate change and other health threats shared by people, animals, and the environment.
Antibimicrobial-resistant germs are an issue why? for one health
they quickly spread through communities, the food supply, healthcare facilities, and the environment (soil, water), making it harder to treat certain infections in animals and people.
Vector-borne diseases are a bigger issue now why?
warmer temperatures and expanded mosquito and tick habitats.
Diseases in food animals can threaten
supplies, livelihoods, and economies.
what effect do intensive farming techniques have on pandemics
increase the likelihood of pathogens becoming a major public health risk through
how does intensive farming inc the risk of pandemic (4)
- Overuse of antibiotics in livestock.
- High animal numbers in small spaces/ hygiene standards.
- Low genetic diversity
- Deforestation /Encroachment into wildlife habitats
Shifting climatic conditions drive alterations in what?
both host & vector spatial distributions, population densities, pathogen load in individuals, & the prevalence of pathogens in potential animal reservoirs.
examples of global health emergency risk factors include:
- Climate Change
- Globalization
- Intensive factory farming & loss of biodiversity
- Deforestation/ increasing contact with wild animals
- Growth of megacities (people living in crowded conditions)
- Weak health systems and shortage of healthworkers - Socio-economic factors.
- Vaccine hoarding
Climate Change affects Human Health in direct ways how
these include extreme weather events that cause
1. storms
2. floods
3. droughts
Climate Change affects Human Health in indirect ways how
- indirect risks are mediated through
- water quality
- air pollution
- changes in biosphere (distribution of disease vectors)
- food availability / security linked to land use
definition of a public health emergency of international concern
“an extraordinary event that may constitute a public health risk to other countries through international spread of disease and may require an international coordinated response.” The purpose of the declaration is to focus international attention on a cute public health risks that “require coordinated mobilisation of extraordinary resources by the international community” for prevention and response.
