public health and promotion Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
what is health inequality
A
- Measurable differences in health between groups or individuals.
- Can be due to various factors (biological, social, economic).
2
Q
example of health inequality
A
e.g. geographical inequalities life expectancy is a good indicator: direct correlation of socio economic status impacting life expectancy
3
Q
what is Health Inequity:
A
Subset of health inequalities that are avoidable and unnecessary differences.
* Unfair and unjust
* Systematic across populations
4
Q
what is inequity rooted in
A
- Rooted in social, economic, or environmental conditions
5
Q
what model is for the social determinants of health
A
Dahlgren and Whitehead model of Social Determinants of Health - search it up
6
Q
- personal characteristics occupy the core of the model and include
A
sex, age, ethnic group, and hereditary factors
7
Q
- individual ‘lifestyle’ factors include behaviours such as
A
smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity
8
Q
- social and community networks include
A
family and wider social circles
9
Q
- living and working conditions include
A
access and opportunities in relation to jobs, housing, education and welfare services
10
Q
- general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions include factors such as
A
disposable income, taxation, and availability of work
11
Q
key study on mortality?
A
whitehall study I & II
12
Q
what did the whitehall study I & II actually investigate
A
link between social status and health, particularly cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality rates among people
13
Q
white hall study what audience
A
British civil servants.
14
Q
Whitehall I Study (initial prospective cohort* study) examined over how many people, what ages, and since when
A
18,000 male civil servants between the ages of 20 – 64 over 10 years since 1967.
15
Q
what about Whitehall II Study how many ppl how long etc
A
conducted from 1985 -1988 and examined the health of 10,308 civil servants aged 35 - 55, of whom 2/3rds were men and 1/3rd women.
16
Q
is the Whitehall study ongoing
A
yh - A long-term follow-up of study subjects from the first two phases is ongoing.
17
Q
whitehall study findings: what strong association was found?
A
one between grade levels of civil servant employment & mortality rates from a range
of causes: the lower the grade, the higher the mortality rate.
18
Q
men in the lowest grade vs highest mortality rate?
A
Men in the lowest grade (messengers, doorkeepers, etc.) had a mortality rate 3 x higher than that of men in the highest grade (administrators).
19
Q
what is social capital in the context of social determinants of health
A
refers to the resources & benefits individuals can access through their social relationships, networks, & community connections.
20
Q
what 3 components does social capital encompass
A
Social support
Social networks
Social cohesion
21
Q
Social support meaning
A
Direct assistance available through social relationships
22
Q
Social networks: meaning
A
The web of social relationships surrounding an individual
23
Q
Social cohesion:
A
The strength and solidarity of a group or community
24
Q
how does build/natural environment affect health (2)
A
- neighbourhood design and housing
- air quality
25
how is air quality linked to affecting health
fine particulate matter (PM2.5) linked to mortality + disadvantaged communities have higher exposure
26
- Access to green spaces benefit physical and mental wellbeing, but these are usually what?
unequally distributed
27
which sector had highest proportion of substandard dwellings
Private rented sector - (27%)
28
what is PM (Particulate Matter (PM) – responsible for most air pollution deaths)
Non-gaseous particles suspended in air
29
PM is composed of what
Composition: Sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust, water
30
why does particle size matter
Size matters: PM10 (≤10 micrometers) can enter lungs.
31
- whats the most dangerous particle size
- PM2.5 (≤2.5 micrometers) most dangerous: can enter bloodstream
32
- how is health defined
- a state of complete physical, mental & social well being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
33
- what about public health: define it
preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organisations, public and private, communities and individuals
34
public health also includes a wide spectrum of activities that influence what
global and national policies
35
examples of public health policies
reducing **carbon emissions**, creating **fairer societies** and include **legislative measures** e.g. **banning smoking** in public places and providing social services.
36
what does the the ottawa charter state about health promotion
‘Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health.”
37
what is the Ottawa charter
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is a landmark international agreement, adopted in 1986, that outlines a framework for health promotion.
38
how many Ottawa strategies for success are there
5
39
what are the 5 Ottawa strategies for success
1) Build healthy public policy
2) Create supportive environments
3) Strengthen community action
4) Develop personal skills
5) Re-orient health services toward prevention of illness and promotion of health
40
who suggested 3 aspects to health promotion and when
Tannahill (Downie et.al. 1996)
41
what are the 3 aspects Tannahill (Downie et.al. 1996) suggested to health promotion
- Prevention
- Positive Health Education
- Health Protection
42
prevention =
reducing or avoiding the risk of diseases and ill health.
43
positive health education =
communication to enhance well-being and prevent ill-health through improving knowledge and attitudes.
44
health protection =
safeguarding population health through legislative, financial or social measures.
45
health Promotion = what two things?
Health Education x Healthy Public Policy
46
promoting health umbrella = what 3 terms =
1. health education
2. service improvement
3. advocacy
47
what is heath advocacy
Influencing policy makers, leaders and media to raise profile of health programmes
Addressing legal, financial and service obstacles to health action
Tackling discrimination and inequalities
48
examples of service improvement
- improvement in quantity and quality of services
1. accessibility
2. case management
3. counselling
4. patient education
5. outreach
49
What makes a good public health campaign? An effective response should… do what?
- Provide the information and power for the community to make decisions
- Make the healthy choice the easiest option
- Remove barriers to action
- Reach across socio-economic strata
50
Lessons Learned: Effective Implementation of Media Campaigns key example: smoking
anti-smoking advertising has to compete in a crowded media marketplace – a hook is needed to engage the emotions of the target audience.
Content and style of delivery are of equal importance – smokers can accept unpalatable messages if the context is encouraging & supportive.
51
what do the most successful campaigns contain
Most successful campaigns contain a variety of messages
– ‘threatening’ and ‘supportive’ styles of delivery can complement each other.
52
- While promoting benefits of not smoking, advertising should not do what
tell people what they should do.
53
- Smokers are motivated by?
knowing that they are not alone, and that support and help are available.
54
Media has become a crucial interface for public health campaigning: having a clear media message from what? is important.
science
55
Mass media provides an important link between the what residents and vital health information.
rural
56
The distribution of pamphlets created by specialized health bodies can disseminate vital health info reliably for example
e.g. the AIDs campaign under Thatcher
57
how can the internet hinder this
Misinformation, either due to inaccurate information, misleading information or misinterpretation of health information, can have potentially dire consequences, triggering mass panics, misleading uninformed policy-makers etc.
58
Mass media campaigns reinforce public health messages by:
- Mobilising & supporting local agencies/professionals who have direct access to
individuals within the target population.
- Bring together partnerships of public, voluntary, professional and private sector
bodies.
- Inform and educating the public.
- Influence public opinion.
- Encourage local and national policy changes to create supportive environments.
59
What interventions are used to change health behaviours?
- Increasing **knowledge** & **awareness** of **risks**
- Increasing **physical** or interpersonal skills e.g.in using condom
- Changing **beliefs** & perceptions eg. how e.g. through interventions aimed at increasing testicular self- examination in men by raising their awareness of risk and ‘normalising’ self-examination
- Influencing **social norms e.g by changing public perceptions of secondary smoking, or public acceptance of breastfeeding.*
- Changing **structural factors** & influencing the wider determinants of health, e.g. by implementing clean-air policies to decrease pollution and improve health.
- Influencing the availability and **accessibility of health services**.
60
Evidence-based strategies to support change include what key elements
- Using theoretical models in developing interventions e.g. HBM, BMQ
- Targeted + tailored (age, gender, culture, etc)
- Providing accurate information through clear, unambiguous messages
- Using behavioural skills training, including self-efficacy,MI
- Joining up services with other community provisions e.g providing transport links from community centres to clinics, or situating health services in accessible community settings
- Working with community members as advocates of appropriate services (local action).
61
- Past campaigns show the importance of what 2 things
policy impact
cultural change.
62
aim of a good campaign
Convey clear scientific messages through the media and creating networks of key organisations in strategic alliances have been effective strategies
63
what social factor do we have to be careful of
Attention must also be paid to the political dimension of a concern such as alcohol and
possible alliances with industry.
64
how is fear memorable in health promotion
Fear arousing imagery can be good at attracting attention and is often memorable
65
how is fear persuasive
Fear-based campaigns are more persuasive for individuals who are already engaging in the desired, health-protective, behaviour (justifies their hard work)
66
- what type of behaviour is fear not helpful in
Arousing fear is not an effective means of facilitating sexual behaviour change
67
Arousing fear in individuals can have many unintended consequences, such as
denial or othering
68
- When we are afraid we may engage in a number of different coping strategies including
1. Avoidance
2. Denial
3. Counter-arguing
4. Deflection/Othering
69
what does a campaign involve
the display and distribution of leaflets provided by NHS England.
70
Each year pharmacies are required to participate in how many campaigns at the request of NHS England.
6 campaigns
71
what are some popular health campaigns
Quit Kits, and the Stoptober, Act F.A.S.T. and Be Clear on Cancer campaigns
72
Media can be an effective tool in health promotion given the appropriate circumstances and conditions such as:
- When awareness is the main goal for wide populations
(e.g., How to protect yourself from COVID-19)
- Facilitate health education
- Urgent timeframe
- Generous budget available
- Simple behavioural goals
73
The "Sanitary Reform Period" in Public Health refers to
time of significant advancements and reforms in public health, particularly in the 19th century,
74
Public health in England can be broadly divided into
the Sanitary Reform period and a later period focusing on more comprehensive health services.
75
The Sanitary Reform period, roughly from the 1840s to the late 19th century, focused on
improving sanitation, living conditions, and addressing disease outbreaks through measures like better sewage systems, cleaner water, and regulations on food and housing.
76
Later, the focus shifted towards a wider range of health services, including
disease control, prevention, and broader social health initiatives.
