Ophthalmic examination

Question 1

OD

Answer 1

Right eye

Question 2

OS

Answer 2

left eye

Question 3

OU

Answer 3

Both eyes

Question 4

Iridodonesis

Answer 4

movement of the iris. This finding is usually supportive of lens instability

Question 5

Photopic

Answer 5

in a well-lit environment

Question 6

Scotopic

Answer 6

in a dark environment

Question 7

Retroillumination

Answer 7

using light that is shone into the eye to reflect against internal structures and highlight normal/abnormal features during the ophthalmic exam

Question 8

Keratitis

Answer 8

inflammation of the cornea. Most commonly evident by the presence of corneal ulceration, corneal infiltrate, or blood vessels

Question 9

Neurotrophic keratitis

Answer 9

inflammation of the cornea (keratitis) that is caused by lack of sensory innervation (ophthalmic branch of CN V)

Question 10

Retropulsion

Answer 10

applying light pressure to both eyes (through the eyelids) simultaneously with your index finger to detect for asymmetry. This is a useful test for detecting disease of the orbit or space occupying disease behind the globe

Question 11

Corneal ulceration

Answer 11

Disruption of the corneal epithelium and exposure of the corneal stroma

Question 12

Positive Jones test

Answer 12

Application of fluorescein dye to the ocular surface which then appears at the nares. This is a test of nasolacrimal patency

Question 13

Epiphora

Answer 13

Excessive tearing causing spill over onto the eyelids

Question 14

Positive Seidel test

Answer 14

Application of fluorescein dye to the ocular surface and subsequent appearance of aqueous humor leaking through dense fluorescein stain. This test confirms corneal perforation

Question 15

Uveitis

Answer 15

defined as a breakdown of the blood ocular barrier

Question 16

Glaucoma

Answer 16

Vision loss that occurs from optic nerve damage as a result of high intraocular pressure

Question 17

Adnexa

Answer 17

all extraocular structures that support and are associated with the eyeball.

Question 18

Phthisis bulbi

Answer 18

An abnormally small, shrunken eye. Typically the result of chronic/severe ocular inflammation

Question 19

Blepharitis

Answer 19

inflammation of the eyelid

Question 20

Retained spectacle

Answer 20

a reptile phenomenon in which the epidermal lining of the cornea (spectacle) does not shed appropriately during the shedding cycle (ecdysis)

Question 21

Buphthalmos

Answer 21

Literally means “cows eye” but refers to the abnormal enlargement of the eyeball. For practical purposes, buphthalmosis only caused by glaucoma. The size is abnormal, the position is normal.

Question 22

Pseudobuphthalmos

Answer 22

the illusion of globe enlargement caused by a retained spectacle

Question 23

Specular reflection

Answer 23

the mirror-like reflection of light from the surface of the eye. Can be used to assess the health of the ocular surface. This reflection becomes disturbed when the surface is irregular

Question 24

Corneal neovascularization

Answer 24

New blood vessel growth into the cornea. This is a classic sign of keratitis and is divided into superficial and deep categories

Question 25

Aqueous flare

Answer 25

proteins suspended in the anterior chamber that become evident when a narrow, bright and focused light source is directed at the eye. This is a pathognomonic sign of uveitis. Flare is typically graded on a scale of 0 (no flare) to 4+ (dense enough to obscure the iris and lens)

Question 26

Hyphema

Answer 26

Blood in the anterior chamber. Supportive of uveitis or bleeding disorder

Question 27

Aqueous misdirection syndrome

Answer 27

An uncommon form of feline glaucoma in which aqueous humor is shunted to the vitreous chamber causing a forward displacement of the lens and iris, narrowing the anterior chamber and increasing intraocular pressure

Question 28

Heterochromia iridis

Answer 28

Alternating color of the iris of one eye or between eyes. A normal finding. Laytermsinclude ‘wall eye’, ‘watch eye’, or ‘china eye’

Question 29

Miosis

Answer 29

A small/constricted pupil

Question 30

Mydriasis

Answer 30

a large/dilated pupil

Question 31

Iris bombe

Answer 31

360 degree posterior synechiasuch that the iris bulges forward and contours to a doughnut-like shape. A common sequela of uveitis and a risk factor for glaucoma as this impairs the normal aqueous drainage within the eye

Question 32

Posterior synechia

Answer 32

Adhesion between the iris and lens

Question 33

Asteroid hyalosis

Answer 33

Calcium and phosphate crystals. A sign of vitrealdegeneration. Unknown causes but thought to be clinically insignificant in most cases

Question 34

Retinal detachment

Answer 34

Most often refers to a separation of the inner, 9-layered ‘neurosensory retina’ from the outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Divided into rhegmatogenousand non-rhegmatogenous(bullous) categories,

Question 35

Rhegmatogenousretinal detachment

Answer 35

refers to a retinal tear. Caused either by pulling or tearing forces. Pulling is usually caused by scar tissue contraction. Tearing is usually caused by trauma.

Question 36

Non-rhegmatogenous(Bullous) retinal detachment

Answer 36

Caused by disruption of the blood retinal barrier and hematogenousleakage/infiltration of the potential space between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigmented epithelium