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Things I don't know, but need to know, for fourth year > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Acute Angle is linked to what eye shape?

A

Hypermetropia - Long Sighted

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2
Q

Primary Open Angled Glaucoma is linked to.

A

Myopia

Short Sighted

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3
Q

Night Blindness + Tunnel Vision

A

Retinal Pigmentosum

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4
Q

Management of a Lacrimal Sac infection

A

Warm Compress plus Oral Cephalaxin 14 days

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5
Q

Differentiating periorbital and orbital cellulitis

A

In Peri Orbital cellulitis there is no
Pain on movement
Diplopia
Visual Impairment

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6
Q

Painful third nerve palsy + mydriatic pupil

A

Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysm

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7
Q

Proptosis + Absent corneal reflex

A

Cavernous Sinus Syndrome

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8
Q

What passes through the cavernous sinus?

A 
Occulomotor
Carotid
Abducens
Trochlear
Opthalmic V1
Maxiliiary V2
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9
Q

Contact lenses, severe pain but no clinical findings, recent freshwater swimming

A

Acanthamoeba

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10
Q

Contact lenses + keratitis

A

Pseudomonas Aeurginosa

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11
Q

In Eso and Exo tropia what does left or right refer to

A

When using both eyes in an exotropion the affected eye is deviated to the lateral side.
Esotropion - eye is deviated medially

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12
Q

What happens in an eso or exotropion when the unaffected eye is covered up?

A

In both cases the affected eye will move too centre and focus on whatever the person is looking at.
Esotropion will move laterally
Exotropion will move medially

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13
Q

Mild Neonatal Conjunctivitis

A

Swab for sensitivity
Chloramphenicoll eye drops
Azithromycin is used if chlamydia

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14
Q

Severe neonatal conjunctivitis

A

Oral erythromycin

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15
Q

Management of Primary open angled glaucoma

A

1st - Prostaglandin Analogue Latanoprost
2nd - Beta Blocker (Timolol) + Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor ( Dorzolamide)
- Sympathimometic - Brimonidine

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16
Q

Severe pain
Reduced visual acuity
Haloes around light
Semi dilated pupil

A

Acute Angled Glaucoma

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17
Q

Acute onset
Blurred vision
Small fixed pupil
Conjunctival ciliary flush

A

Anterior Uveitis

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18
Q

Severe pain
Worse on eye movement
Non blanching
Rheumatological PMH

A

Scleritis

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19
Q

Mild pain

Blanches

A

Episcleritis

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20
Q

Red eye
Reduced vision
Painful vision loss
After intraocular surgery

A

Endopthalmitis

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21
Q

Management of Anterior Uveitis

A

Urgent referral to ophthalmology

Topical Steroids and cycloplegics (mydriatic)

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22
Q

Vitreous detachment

A

Flashers floaters

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23
Q

If someone has a positive family history of glaucoma what do they need?

A

Annual Screening from 40 years old

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24
Q

How is Herpes Zoster Opthalmicus managed?

A

Urgent ophthalmology referral
Oral Aciclovir - 7 to 10 days
IV Acyclovir if severe
Topical steroids if secondary inflammation

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25
Investigation of Macular Degeneration
Slit Lamp is first line - wet - fluorescene angiogram - both - ocular coherence tomography
26
Management of Dry macular degeneration
Zinc + Anti oxidant Vitamin A,C,E
27
Management of Wet Macular degeneration
Anti VEGF 4 weekly injections | Laser phototherapy
28
What may happen if a squint is left untreated?
Amblyopia - brain ignores input from one eye
29
What is the commonest cause of a squint?
Concomitant - imbalanced extraoccular muscles is commonest | Paralytic - paralysis of extraoccular muscles is much rarer
30
How can a concomitant squint be subdivided?
Convergent - looks towards midline - commonest | Divergent - looks away from midline
31
Management of a squint
Corneal reflection test - screening | Refer to secondary care
32
Can contact lenses be warn in conjunctivitis?
No
33
Latanoprost MOA
Prostaglandin analogue Increases uveosacral Brown pigmentation of iris and thick eyelashes
34
Timolol and betoxolol
Beta Blockers Reduce aqueous production Avoid in asthmatics and heart block
35
Brimonidine MOA
Sympathithometic Reduce production and increase uveosacral outflow Avoid with TCA and MAOi
36
Pilocarpine MOA
Miotics Increase outflow Constrict pupil, headache, blurred vision
37
Reduced vision Faded colours Glare and halo around headlights
Cataracts - defective red reflex on examination
38
Cataracts investigations
Fundoscopy - shows normal optic disc and retina | Slit Lamp - cataracts is observable
39
Types of cataracts
Nuclear - commonest in old age Polar - inherited Subcapsular -steroid use Dot opacities - diabetes and myotonic dystrophy
40
Management of cataract
Refer for surgery if affecting QOL + brighter lights and glasses
41
In turned eyelid
Entropion
42
Out turned eyelid
Ectropion
43
Management of a Stye
Warm compress and analgaesia | Antibiotics only used if concurrent conjunctivitis
44
Management of a Chalazia
Most resolve spontaneously over a few months but some need surgery
45
Stye vs Chalazion
Stye = infected gland in the eyelid - erythematous red and painful Chalazion - painless lump in the eyelid
46
Purulent conjunctivitis <5 days from birth | Hyperaemia, Swollen eyelids, chemosis
N.Gonorrhoea
47
Purulent conjunctivitis >5 days from birth | Hyperaemia, Swollen eyelids, chemosis
Chlamydia
48
Management for bacterial keratitis
Quinilones - ciprofloxacin topical | Cyclopentolate - for pain relief
49
New onset flashers or floaters
24 hour ophthalmology review
50
Binocular vision post trauma - what is the likely injury?
Depressed zygomatic fracture
51
Commonest cause of blindness in the world
Trachoma - Caused by chlamydia trachomatis
52
Trachoma presentation and management
Purulent conjunctivitis + entropion | Surgery and antibiotics
53
What are the subtypes of diabetic retinopathy?
Non Proliferative diabetic retinopathy Proliferative retinopathy Maculopathy
54
Non proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
``` Microaneurysm Blot haemorrhages Hard exudate Cotton wool spots Venous beading ```
55
Proliferative retinopathy
Retinal neovascularisation | Common in T1DM
56
Diabetic Maculopathy
Neovasculariation occurring on or over the macula | Common in T2DM
57
Management of Diabetic retinopathy
All should optimise blood glucose control, BP, Hyperlipidaemia Maculopathy - Anti-VEGF NPDR - Regular observation - pan retinal photocoagulation if severe Proliferative retinopathy - Anti VEGF. Vitreoretinal surgery if haemorrhage
58
How does GCA cause blindness?
Anterior Ischaemic Optic neuropathy
59
If someone presents within 100 minutes with a central retinal artery occlusion what can be used?
Firm ocular massage - to dislodge clot.
60
Management of a branched retinal artery occlusion
Observe and manage conservatively if no macula oedema | VEGFi Intravitreal if signs of macular oedema
61
Acute Angle drugs
Pilocarpine + Acetazolamide - Make pupil smaller and reduce production

Things I don't know, but need to know, for fourth year (31 decks)

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