Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Things I don't know, but need to know, for fourth year > Paediatrics > Flashcards

Paediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Transient Synovitis Management

A

Afebrile and symptoms for less than 72 hours = Analgesia and rest
Febrile = urgent assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are salmon patches?

A

Vascular flat patches on the eyelids and neck that usually fade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

At 3 months what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

Turns to sounds and quietens to their name.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

At 6 months what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

Double syllable sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At 9 months what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

Mamma Dadda

Understands No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At 12 months what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

Responds to their name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

At 12-15 months what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

2-6 words

simple commands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

At 2 years what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

Combine two words

Points to body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

At 2.5 years what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

200 word vocabulary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

At 3 years what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

Short Sentences
Colours
Counts to ten

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

At 4 years what would you expect of a child in terms of speech and development?

A

Asks Why Who When

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Antibiotic of choice in Whooping cough

A

Azithromycin or Clarithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Signs of Whooping cough

A

Inspiratory Whoop
Vomiting or Cyanotic spells after coughing
Coughing worse after eating
Subconjuctival Haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who is the Whooping cough vaccine offered to?

A

Pregnant women from 16 weeks

Young children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 3 months what would be expected?

A

No or little headlag

If held sitting lumbar lordosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 6 months what would be expected?

A

Pulls to sitting
Rolls from front to back
Held sitting back is straight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 7-8 months what would be expected?

A

Sits without support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

At what age would you refer a child who cant sit without support?

A

12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 9 months what would be expected?

A

Pulls to standing

Crawls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 12 months what would be expected?

A

Cruises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 13-15 months what would be expected?

A

Walks unsupported

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

At what age would you refer a child who cant walk unaided?

A

18 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 18 months what would be expected?

A

Squats to pick things up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gross Motor Milestones - At 2 years what would be expected?

A

Runs

Uses stair railing on stairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Gross Motor Milestones - At 3 years what would be expected?
Using tricycle with pedals | Uses stairs unaided
26
Gross Motor Milestones - At 4 years what would be expected?
Hops on one leg
27
Is bottom shuffling a normal variant?
Yes
28
How is Necrotising Enterocolitis managed?
IV antibiotics + fluids Bowel Rest and TPN If rupture - Laparotomy
29
When is a six week USS of the hips required? | developmental dysplasia
Breach Presentation at 36 weeks Breach Presentation at delivery Twins First degree relative with developmental dysplasia
30
What are the investigations in Hirschprungs Disease?
Abdominal Xray | Rectal Biopsy - Gold Standard
31
What is the management of Hirschprungs Disease?
Bowel Irrigation -> Surgical Anorectal Pull through is curative
32
Causes of Neonatal Hypotonia
Sepsis Hypothyroidism Prader Willi Spinal Muscle Atrophy Type 1
33
What are some causes of Neonatal Hypotonia?
Sepsis Hypothyroidism Prader-Willi Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1
34
High Fever followed by a maculopapular rash between 6 months and two years old?
Roseola Infantum - Herpes Virus 6
35
What is screened for in the heel prick test ?
``` Cystic fibrosis (CF) Congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) Phenylketonuria (PKU) Classical galactosaemia (C Gal) Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) MCADD (medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) Homocystinuria (HCU) Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) ```
36
If a heel prick comes back positive for elevated immunoreactive trypsinogen what should be undertaken next?
Sweat Test for CF
37
When is the heel prick test done?
Day 5
38
Hand Foot and Mouth - Causative organism
Coxsackie or less likely Enterovirus
39
Hand Foot and Mouth - Symptoms
Mild systemic upset Oral Ulcers Vesicles on palms or soles
40
Hand Foot and Mouth - Management
Symptomatic only | No school exclusion
41
Williams Syndrome
``` Chromosome 7 Elfish Features Happy Disposition Short Stature Aortic Stenosis ```
42
Williams Syndrome Diagnosis
FISH Studies
43
Criteria for admitting a child with Bronchiolitis.
``` Apnoea Respiratory Distress RR >70 Central Cyanosis <92% oxgen ```
44
What is the first line management of neonatal hypoxic ischaemic brain injury?
Therapeutic cooling
45
Presentation of Measles
High fever >40 degrees Kopliks spots - grey spots on the mucosa of the mouth Conjunctivitis then later a rash - usually 2-5 days after
46
Management of measles
Supportive Vitamin A in all children below 2 years old exclude 4 days from onset of rash
47
What are common complications of Measles?
Acute otitis media Bronchopneumonia Encephalitis
48
A neonate has rapidly deteriorated after delivery. It is noted that the amniotic fluid was brown stained. What is the likely culprit?
Meconium aspiration is likely to cause a Pneumothorax.
49
What is the first line management of neonatal sepsis?
IV Benzylpenicillin
50
Commonest organisms in Neonatal Sepsis
Group B Streptococci | E.Coli
51
Maintenance Fluids in paediatrics.
100ml/kg/day for first 10kg 50ml/kg/day for second 10kg 20ml/kg/day for every kg over 20.
52
Scarlet Fever - presentation
``` fever myalgia strawberry tongue sand paper rash tonsilitis ```
53
Scarlet Fever - cause
Group A strep | Strep. Pyogenes
54
Scarlet Fever - complications
Otitis Media Rheumatic Fever Glomerulonephritis
55
Scarlet Fever management
Oral Penicillin or azithromycin if pen allergic - 10 days | Return to school for 24 hours of Antibiotics
56
Describe a ceaphalohaematoma
Bruising | Doesn't cross suture lines
57
Describe a Caput Succedaneum
Localised oedema due to vents cup use Crosses suture lines resolves in 3-6 weeks
58
Kawasaki Presentation
``` High fever resistant to antipyrexics Conjunctival Injection Bright red cracked lips Cervical Lymphadenopathy Strawberry tongue Desquamation of palms and soles ```
59
Kawasaki - Management
Clinical diagnosis requiring 4 symptoms High dose aspirin IV immunoglobulin in severe cases Echocardiogram of coronary arteries
60
What is a major complication associated with Kawasaki disease?
Coronary Artery Aneurysm
61
``` Microcephally Small eyes Cleft lip Polydactyly Scalp Lesions Dead within months ```
Pataus | Trisomy 13
62
Micrognathia - small jaw Low set ears Rocker bottom feet Overlapping fingers
Edwards | Trisomy 18
63
``` Learning difficulties Macrocephaly Long face Large ears Macro orchidism ```
Fragile X syndrome
64
Webbed neck Pectus excavatum Short Pulmonary Stenosis
Noonan syndrome
65
Webbed neck is usually what?
Turners - females | Noonan syndrome - both genders
66
Micrognathia - small jaw Posterior displaced tongue Cleft palate
Pierre - Robin
67
Hypotonia Hypogonadism Obesity
Prader Willi syndrome
68
``` Hypertelorism - increased distance between eyes Microcephaly Small jaw Learning difficulties Larynx issues abnormal crying ```
Cri Du Chat
69
present from birth | Dark red
Port wine stain
70
Asthmatic guideline under 5 years old
SABA SABA + Moderate Dose ICS for 8 weeks - reassess if helped good if not rethink SABA + Low dose ICS SABA + ICS + Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Refer
71
Asthmatic guidelines over 5 years old
``` SABA ICS + SABA ICS + Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist + SABA ICS + LABA + SABA ICS/LABA combined + SABA ```
72
Short, friendly disposition, aortic stenosis
William syndrome
73
What are the five causes of rashes in children?
``` Roseola Infantum Measles Parvovirus Scarlet fever Rubella ```
74
Mild fever with a sore throat and lymphadenopathy | Rash starts on the face but spreads to the rest of the body
Rubella
75
Erythematous rash starts behind the ear and spreads.
Measles
76
Precocious Puberty
<8 in girls | <9 in boys
77
Neonatal Resus
``` Dry and warm Assess APGAR Poor resperitory effort or none at all -> 5 ventilation breath Reassess HR <60 -> 5:1 compression to inspiration ```
78
When would you admit a child for bronchiolitis ?
Apnoea Persistent O2 sats <92 <50% oral intake Persistent severe reparatory distress
79
When would you refer a newborn to the neonatal ward?
``` RR >60 Respiratory Distress bpm -<100 or >160 Capillary refill >3 seconds >38 degress or 37.5 on two separate occasions O2 sats <95 Central cyanosis ```
80
Stridor Barking cough Fever
Croup
81
Croup causative organism and management
Parainfluenza Oral Steroids Nebulised Adrenaline and O2 if acutely unwell
82
In a child with difficult to control epilepsy. What diet can be trialled?
Ketogenic
83
Neonate born via C section present with respiratory distress. Chest Xray shows fluid in horizontal fissure and hyper expanded lungs
Transient Tachyopnoea of the New born Supportive treatment only Oxygen may be required in poor saturations (humidified)
84
A child presents with a new onset purpuric rash. What is your management?
regardless of symptoms they should be immediately referred (same day) to rule out Menigococcal infection or ALL.
85
Inverted and plantar flexed foot that cant be passively corrected.
Club foot - manage with serial casting - ponseti method
86
Sudden onset bilious vomiting abdominal pain tachyopnoae and tachycardia in previously well child. Normal abdominal exam except tenderness
Intestinal malrotation - usually duodenum is obstructed Upper GI contrast study and USS used Ladds procedure is management
87
Signs of a shaken baby
Retinal haemorrhage, encephalopathy, subdural haematoma
88
Describe the management of a unilateral undescended testicle.
Should have descended by 3 months ->referral to be seen by surgeon by 6 months -> surgery by 6-18 months
89
Describe the management of bilateral undescended testicles.
Immediate 24hr referral to paediatrics for endocrine and genetic studies.
90
Jaundice developing after 2 weeks alongside a history of reduced appetite pale stools dark urine and growth disturbance.
Biliary atresia - Increased conjugated bilirubin Surgery is curative Antibiotics and bile acid enhancers may be beneficial post op
91
Children below 0.4 decile for height
Refer to paediatrics
92
Children below 2 decile of height
Seen by GP
93
When is bed wetting normal up to?
5 years is the cut off point prior to this you simply offer advice on diet and lifestyle factors.
94
What is the management of enuresis?
Look for a cause - UTI constipation Diabetes Mellitus Rewards system - star chart etc Enuresis alarms Desmopressin - good for short term control i.e going for a sleep over
95
Inguinal hernia repair
<1 year - urgent surgical referral | >1 year - routine surgical referral
96
School exclusion in roseola infantum
non required
97
What is the cut of for weight lost in the first week of life?
10% weight loss | Any more and a midwife review of feeding is required
98
At what age are Varus knees normal up until?
Should resolve by 4 years
99
Neonatal Hypoglycaemia
Asymptomatic - Encourage good breast feeding and reassess | Symptomatic or very low - transfer to neonate ward + IV 10% dextrose
100
What is the investigation of choice is suspected developmental dysplasia affecting a child over 4.5 months?
X ray
101
Erythematous rash with yellow scale affecting scalp, face, nappy area and or limb flexural lines.
Seborrhoic Dermatitis Mild - Moderate - baby shampoo and oil Severe - Mild topical steroid Resolves by 8 months
102
Signs of Down syndrome
``` Brushfeild spots in iris Upslanting palpebral fissures Epicathic folds Flat occiput Singla palmar crease Sandle gap Hypotonic Duodenal atresia Hirschprungs Cardiac defects ```
103
List some cardiac anomalies related to Down syndrome.
``` Commonest is endocardial cushioning defect VSD ASD Tetralogy of fallot Isolated PDA ```
104
Long term effects of Down syndrome
``` Sub fertility Short stature Recurrent respiratory tract infections + glue ear Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Hypothyroid Alzhiemers Atlantoaxial instability ```
105
Commonest cause of ambiguous genitalia in newborn
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
106
Inverted and Plantar flexed foot
Club foot Ponseti method - serial casting from soon after birth Linked to Cerebral Palsy, spina bifida, trisomy 18
107
Billous vomiting on the first day is likely to be?
Intestial Atresia - look for double bubble sign on x ray Surgery is required Double Bubble = Duodenal Tripple bubble = jejunal
108
Causes of a cleft lip
Inherited | Maternal anti-epileptics
109
Management of a cleft lip
Orthodontic devices - help feeding Speech therapy Surgery - lip is repaired before the palate
110
Neonatal sepsis develops within 48 hrs of delivery
Strep B | Vaginal canal commensals
111
Neonatal sepsis develops after 48 hours of delivery
Hospital acquired Staph Epidermidis Staph aureus
112
Normal development and no other symptoms Flat occiput + protruding forehead on opposite site < 3 years
Plagiocephally Due to sleeping on back Resolves by 3-5 years - Reassure until then
113
Strawberry Naevi
Only treat if obstructing field of view, ulcerated, bleeding Topical propanolol is now first line
114
Management in a diaphragmatic hernia
Immediate intubation | gentle inotropes and fluids
115
Age child smiles
6 weeks
116
Age a child who doesn't smile should be referred by?
10 weeks
117
Age a child should laugh by
3 months
118
Age child is not shy at
6 months
119
Age child becomes shy
9 months
120
At what age is the child competent with a spoon and doesn't spill their cup.
2 yers
121
Age child plays peekaboo
9 months
122
Age child waves bye bye
12 months
123
Age child plays alone
18 months
124
Age child plays alongside but not with other children
2 years
125
Age child plays with other children
4 years
126
Management of a child <3 with an acute limp
Urgent assessment as septic arthritis is more common in this age group
127
Hearing tests in children
Newborn = Otoacoustic emissions test Infant or abnormal Otoacoustic emission test = Auditory Brainstem Test 6-9 months = distraction test School entry = Pure tone audiometry
128
Child with croup and stridor at rest - managment
Immediate paediatric admission
129
Commonest cause of a massive painless GI bleed in 1-2 year olds?
Meckels diverticulum
130
Basic paediatric referral timeline
Doesn't smile at 10 weeks Doesn't sit unsupported at 12 months Doesn't walk at 18 months
131
Small red growth within centre of umbilicus, producing clear or yellow fluid Within few months of birth Systemically well
Umbilical Granuloma - overgrowth from healing | Regular application of salt -> silver nitrate
132
When might you consider pneumonia rather than bronchiolitis?
Focal crackles | Persistent high fever
133
What are some RED flag symptoms in paediatrics?
``` Moderate to severe intercostal recession Doesn't wake if roused Reduced skin turgor Mottled or blue skin Grunting ```
134
Describe a mild croup
Occasional barking cough No stridor at rest No/mild intercostal recession Well looking child
135
Describe a moderate croup
Frequent barking cough Stridor Recession at rest No distress
136
Describe a severe croup
Prominent inspiratory stridor at rest Marked recession Distressed agitated lethargic Tachycardia
137
Croup admission
<6 months Mod/severe croup Uncertain diagnosis - epiglottitis supraglottitis
138
Bruising in a non mobile infant
All should be referred to paediatrics
139
Circulatory collapse around day 2 Heart failure Reduced femoral pulses Systolic murmur heard under left clavicle and over the back
Coarctation of the aorta
140
What can be used in severe Tet spells
Phenylephrine
141
Epiglottitis managment
``` Call for help Senior ENT, Anaesthetic and alert PICU Don't alarm or examine throat of child Secure airway Culture and examine once secured Cefuroxamine ```
142
Diagnostic of mumps
Salivary IgA
143
Constipation in children - management
Movical Paediatric plan is first line -> + stimulant (Senna) -> swap movicol for lactulose
144
Management of GORD in a infant
Gaviscons + thickened foods trial for 1-2 weeks PPI if feeding issues, distressed, faltering growth -trial for 4 weeks
145
A pearly mass on the midline of the posterior hard palate of a newborn.
Epsteins Pearl - no treatment is needed as its a benign cyst
146
Measles prodrome
Cough Coryza Conjunctivitis
147
If someone is suspected of having delayed puberty what test can they undergo?
X-ray hands and wrist - bone age will be delayed
148
Neonatal phototherapy
Check their bilirubin after 4-6 hours - if 50 below threshold then stop Recheck bilirubin 12-18 hours after this - if still 50 below they require no more monitoring - if within 50 of the threshold recheck in 12 hours and consider restarting
149
Jaundice within 24 hours
Rhesus ABO incompatibility G6PD Hereditary Spherocytosis
150
What tests should be done in a case of neonatal jaundice occurring within 24 hours
Coombs Osmotic fragility Blood film
151
Causes of jaundice over 14 days.
``` Hypothyroidism Biliary Atresia UTI Breast milk jaundice Premature Infection ```
152
What tests should be done in a case of neonatal jaundice occurring over 14 days?
``` FBC Unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin Coombs TFT Blood film Urine U+Es LFT ```
153
What is used to asses renal function in <18?
Creatinine | eGFR isn't licensed for children
154
Management of a UTI
<3 months = immediate admission >3 months upper UTI = consider admission or 7-10 days of antibiotics >3 months lower UTI = 3 days antibiotic
155
How long should a newborn stay in hospital if they have a risk factor for developing sepsis?
24 hour for observations
156
What other condition is strongly linked to hypospadias?
Cryptochordism
157
Paediatric Red Flags - Colour
Pale Mottled Blue
158
Paediatric Red Flags - Activity
No responce to social cues Very difficult to rouse and if aroused falls back to sleep Weak high pitched continuous cry
159
Paediatric Red Flags - Respiratory
Grunting Tachypnoea >60 Mod/severe chest indrawing
160
Paediatric Red Flags - other
``` Looks ill to a healthcare professional Reduced skin turgor <3 months >38 degrees Non blanching rash Bulging fontanelles Neck stiffness Status epilepticus Focal neurological signs ```
161
Paediatric amber flags - Colour
Pallor reported by carer
162
Paediatric amber flags - activity
No smile | Prolonged stimulation required to wake them
163
Paediatric amber flags - Respiratory
Nasal flaring <95% oxygen Crackles RR >50
164
Paediatric amber flags - Circulation
Dry Cap Refil - >3 Poor feeding Reduced urine output
165
Paediatric amber flags - other
>39 degrees 3-6 months Fevere for over 5 days Swelling Non weight bearing leg
166
What age do children reach for objects
3 months
167
What age do children show a palmar grip and pass objects between hands?
6 months
168
What age do children point with a finger and use an early pincer grip?
9 months
169
What age do children show a good pincer grip?
12 months
170
How many bricks in a tower by 15 months?
2
171
How many bricks in a tower by 18 months?
3
172
How many bricks in a tower by 2 years?
6
173
How many bricks in a tower by 3 years?
9
174
Hand dominance before 12 months.
Always pathological - strong indicator for cerebral palsy
175
Respiratory Distress Distended abdomen Chocking / problems swallowing Overflow salivation
oesophageal atresia | Polyhydramnious during pregnancy is an indicator swell.
176
Investigation and management in oesophageal atresia
NG tube is passed down as far as it can go. Chest x-ray is taken which will show the level of the atresia due to radiopaque NG tube. Management is surgery
177
Management of a squint before 8 weeks old.
Squints are not abnormal before 8 weeks observe and refer if persist over 8 weeks
178
Congenital heart block - cause and management
Maternal SLE with Anti Ro and LA | Pacemaker is required
179
All children under three months with a fever require.
Blood, Urine and CSF culture

Things I don't know, but need to know, for fourth year (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions