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Year 4 > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

= type of glaucoma characterised by the blockage or narrowing of the drainage angle formed by the cornea and the iris, resulting in a sudden increase in intraocular pressure

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2
Q

What occurs in primary angle-closure glaucoma to raise IOP?

A

= iris blocks the drainage angle, which causes a rise in IOP and subsequent damage of the optic nerve

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3
Q

Primary acute closed-angle glaucoma typically affects

  • older individuals
  • the younger population
A
  • older individuals
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4
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

= long-sightedness

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5
Q

What does gonioscopy look at?

A

= assesses the angle between iris + cornea

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6
Q

What is tonometry used for?

A

= to measure intraocular pressure

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7
Q

Investigations for suspected primary acute-closed angle glaucoma (3)

A
  • gonioscopy (= assess angle between iris + cornea)
  • tonometry (= measurement of intraocular pressure)
  • opthalmological examination
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8
Q

Medical managements of acute closed-angle glaucoma (3)

A
  • IOP lowering agents (bbs, pilocarpine, IV acetazolamide)
  • IV hyperosmotics e.g., mannitol)
  • analgesia + antiemetics
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9
Q

Surgical options for acute closed-angle glaucoma (2)

A
  • peripheral iridotomy (= laser used to make hole in peripheral iris to allow free flow of aqueous)
  • surgical iridectomy

(contralateral eye treated prophylactically)

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10
Q

What is age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)?

A

= degeneration of photoreceptors in the central retina (macula) that leads to the formation of drusen (= tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material), which are visible on slit-lamp biomicroscopy

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11
Q

Leading cause of blindness in the UK?

A

= age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)

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12
Q

Important part of social history to include in a consultation for suspected age-related macular degeneration?

A

= smoking history. Smoking doubles likelihood of developing ARMD

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13
Q

Is age-related macular degeneration more common in men or women?

A

= men

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14
Q

Types of age-related macular degeneration (2)

A
  • dry ARMD
  • wet ARMD
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15
Q

Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is more common?

  • dry ARMD
  • wet ARMD
A
  • dry ARMD
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16
Q

Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with drusen & macular thinning?

  • dry ARMD
  • wet ARMD
A
  • dry ARMD
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17
Q

Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with bleeding & leakage of fluid?

  • dry ARMD
  • wet ARMD
A
  • wet ARMD
18
Q

Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with a slow progression over decades?

  • dry ARMD
  • wet ARMD
A
  • dry ARMD
19
Q

Which of the following types of age-related macular degeneration is associated with a rapid progression over months, with a poor prognosis?

  • dry ARMD
  • wet ARMD
A
  • wet ARMD
20
Q

Management of dry ARMD (age-related macular degeneration)

A

= zinc + vitamin A, C, E supplements

(smoking cessation important)

21
Q

Management of wet ARMD (age-related macular degeneration)

A

= anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections, typically administered in monthly injections

(smoking cessation important)

22
Q

What is amblyopia?

A

= also called lazy eye, is a type of poor vision that usually happens in just 1 eye but less commonly in both eyes

23
Q

Causes of reduced visual sitmulation in one eye which can cause amblyopia (4)

A
  • squints
  • unequal refractive error
  • congenital cataracts
  • tumours blocking the visual axis
24
Q

What is strabismus?

A

= one eye deviating from its normal alignment

25
Q

What is anisometropia?

A

= difference in refractory error between eyes

26
Q

Management in amblyopia?

A

= patch or penalise good eye

(early treatment essential, amblyopia treatment is rarely successful in the second decade of life )

27
Q

Amblyopia: what can be given to reduce visual acuity in the good eye?

A

= atropine

28
Q

What is myopia also known as?

  • long-sightedness
  • short-sightedness
A
  • short-sightedness
29
Q

What is hyperopia also known as?

  • long-sightedness
  • short-sightedness
A
  • long-sightedness
30
Q

Is episcleritis generally painful?

A

= no

(as opposed to scleritis which is very painful)

31
Q

What 2 conditions are associated with anterior uveitis?

A
  • IBD
  • ankylosing spondylitis
32
Q

What is a hyphema?

A

= collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye

33
Q

Which of the following is associated with retinal pallor, macular cherry red spot +/- afferent pupillary defect

  • retinal vein occulusion
  • retinal artery occlusion
A
  • retinal artery occlusion
34
Q

Which of the following is associated with optical disk oedema, diffuse retinal haemorrhage (‘blood-and-thunder’)

  • retinal vein occulusion
  • retinal artery occlusion
A
  • retinal vein occulusion
35
Q

Which of the following eye conditions is associated with being more painful?

  • chalazion
  • stye
A
  • stye
36
Q

What is a chalazion?

A

= a red bump on your eyelid

37
Q

Most likely caustive organism in contact lens associated keratitis?

A

= pseudomonas aeruginosa

38
Q

What is Blepharitis?

A

= inflammation of the eyelid

39
Q

Primary open-angle glaucoma: Adverse effects of which of the following drugs causes brown pigementation to the iris?

  • Latanoprost
  • Cylopentolate
  • Pilocarpine
  • Timolol
A
  • Latanoprost
40
Q

Primary open-angle glaucoma: Which of the following is first-line treatment in a patient with a Hx of heart block?

  • Latanoprost
  • Cylopentolate
  • Pilocarpine
  • Timolol
A
  • Latanoprost
41
Q

Primary open-angle glaucoma: Which of the following drugs causes pupillary constriction, blurred vision and headaches?

  • Latanoprost
  • Cylopentolate
  • Pilocarpine
  • Timolol
A
  • Pilocarpine

Year 4 (11 decks)

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