Ophthalmology

Question 1

What is Betaxolol?
When is it prescribed?

Answer 1

A beta blocker

In chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

Question 2

What is Chloramphenicol?
When is it prescribed?

Answer 2

A topical antibiotic

For the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis (usually as drops)

Question 3

What class of drugs do latanoprost, travoprost and tafluprost belong to?

Answer 3

Prostaglandin analogues

Question 4

What are Prostaglandin analogues?
When are they prescribed?

Answer 4

Drugs that mimic naturally occurring prostaglandins and increase the drainage of aqueous humour in the eye

To treat glaucoma

Question 5

What is Brimonidine eyedrops?
When is it prescribed?

Answer 5

An alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist that works to reduce intra-ocular pressure

It is prescribed in glaucoma and ocular hypertension

Question 6

Which patients should we avoid giving chloramphenicol to?

Answer 6

Those with history of aplastic anaemia

Those with known allergy

Question 7

What should be checked for if symptoms are worsening after a patient is given chloramphenicol?

Answer 7

Drug allergy

Question 8

What is treated with topical ganciclovir (an antiviral)?

Answer 8

Herpetic keratitis

Question 9

Why should steroids never be used to treat herpetic keratitis?

Answer 9

They can cause a corneal melt and perforation of the cornea

Question 10

When would steroids be used in adenoviral keratitis?

Answer 10

To speed up the recovery if it becomes chronic

Question 11

What is natamycin amphotericin?
When is it prescribed?

Answer 11

A topical anti-fungal

To treat fungal keratitis

Question 12

What should be given in orbital cellulitis?

Answer 12

Broad spectrum antibiotics

Question 13

What is used to treat endophthalmitis?

Answer 13

Intravitreal amikacin / ceftazidime / vancomycin

Topical antibiotics

Question 14

What does fusidic acid treat?

Answer 14

Staph Aureus

Question 15

What does gentamicin treat?

Answer 15

Most gram negative bacteria:

Coliforms
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 16

What does ganciclovir do?

Answer 16

Inhibits viral DNA synthesis

Question 17

What is topical oxytetracycline used to treat?

Answer 17

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

Question 18

Which type of drugs can penetrate the epithelium of the eye?

Answer 18

Lipid soluble drugs

Question 19

Which type of drugs can penetrate the stroma of the eye?

Answer 19

Water soluble drugs

Question 20

What are anti-VEGF injections used to treat?

Answer 20

Wet macular degeneration

Question 21

When are topical steroids used most?

Answer 21

Post-operative cataract patients

Patients with uveitis

To prevent corneal graft rejection

Question 22

What are some local side effects of steroids?

Answer 22

Cataracts
Glaucoma
Exacerbation of viral infection
Raised intra ocular pressure

Question 23

What are some systemic side effects of steroids?

Answer 23

Gastric ulceration
Immunosuppression
Diabetes
Weight gain

Question 24

What is the most potent topical steroid commonly used?

Answer 24

Prednisolone 1%

Question 25

What is the least potent topical steroid commonly used?

Answer 25

Fludrocortisone 0.1%

Question 26

What is timolol typically used to treat?

Answer 26

Glaucoma Decreases aqueous humour production and thus reducing intraocular pressure

Question 28

What type of drug are tropicamide and cyclopentolate?

Answer 28

Mydriatic drugs

Question 29

What is a well known side effect of latanoprost?

Answer 29

Increasing growth of eyelashes

Question 30

What do mydriatic drugs (tropicamide, cyclopentolate) do?

Answer 30

Dilate the pupil by blocking the parasympathetic supply to the iris

Question 31

What is the medical term for the effect of mydriatic drugs?

Answer 31

Cycloplegia (when the lens cannot focus)

Question 32

What is pilocarpine? What does it do?

Answer 32

A muscarinic receptor agonist Constricts the pupil

Question 33

When are miotic drugs (such as pilocarpine) used?

Answer 33

To reduce pressure in the eye Prior to certain laser procedures

Question 34

What does local anaesthetic do?

Answer 34

Blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

Question 35

When is local anaesthetic used?

Answer 35

Foreign body removal Tonometry Corneal scraping

Question 36

What is the most commonly used diagnostic dye in ophthalmology?

Answer 36

Fluorescein

Question 37

What drug is associated with vortex keratopathy?

Answer 37

Amiodarone

Question 38

Which drug is associated with bulls eye maculopathy?

Answer 38

Chloroquine

Question 39

Which drug used in the treatment of TB can cause optic neuropathy as a side effect?

Answer 39

Ethambutol