Opthalamic and Kidney

Question 1

Which two antibiotic drug classes (and give specific names) treat corneal ulcers

Answer 1

1) Aminoglycosides (Tobra, Genti, Amikacin)
2) Penicillins (Ticarcillin - Clavulanate - Ampicillin/Cephalosporins)

Question 2

First choice occular antibiotic for small animals

Answer 2

Chloramphenical

Question 3

Which is first choice for non-specific corneal ulcers and conjunctivitis

Answer 3

Polymixin B (NPG or BNP)

Question 4

Benefits of solution opthalamic drops

Answer 4

1. Less effect on vision
2. Less incidence of contact dermatitis
3. Less toxic to occular structures
4. Easier to apply

Question 5

Disadvantages of solutions/suspensions

Answer 5

1. High systemic absorption
2. Short contact time
3. Dilution effect
4. Cost

Question 6

Advantages of corneal ointment

Answer 6

1. Longer contact time (becuase not dissolved in tears)
2. Not diluted
3. Protects cornea from drying
4. Less expensive

Question 7

Disadvantages of ointments

Answer 7

1. Difficult to dose precisely
2. Difficult to administer
3. More contact dermatitis
4. May delay epithelial wound healing
5. Increased occular discharge

Question 8

Dose of eye drops

Answer 8

1 drop

Question 9

Dose of ointments

Answer 9

One 5mm strip

Question 10

Which eye structures are reservoirs for drugs

Answer 10

• Corneal lens
• Uveal pigment (contains melanin –> binds)

Question 11

Two ways to drain occular fluid (pathways). Name drugs that act on them

Answer 11

1. Uveoscleral (Iatonoprost, Bimatoprost, Travoprost, prostaglandin analogus -BIT)
2. Trabecular outflow (Pilocarpine - muscarinic agonist, topical miotic)

Question 12

Which occular drugs act as neuroprotectors (classes)

Answer 12

1. Amlopidine - Ca channel blocker hypertension in cats
2. Memantine - NMDA antagonist

Question 13

Which classes of drugs inhibit aqueous production

Answer 13

• Alpha-2 agonist
• Beta -2 antagonist : most prominent
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI)

Question 14

Local carbonhic anhydrase inhitors opthalamic

Answer 14

1. Dorsolamide

2. Brinzolamide

Question 15

Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 15

1. Acetazolamide – diuretic PT
2. Methazolamide
3. Dichlorphenamide

Question 16

Which structures in eye give access to systemic circulation

Answer 16

• Iris
• Ciliary bodies
• Nasolacrimal duct

All have lots of blood vessels

Question 17

Local ocular distribution occurs via which structures

Answer 17

1. Cornea
2. Conjunctiva

Question 18

Which drugs are diagnostic for uveitis in horses

Answer 18

ParasympaLYTICS —> mydriasis

• Atropine

- Tropicamide

- Scopolamine

Question 19

Which drugs are used for diagnosis anterior uveitis

Answer 19

SympathoMIMICS

Phenylephrine

Epinephrine

Question 20

Which drugs cause miosis

Answer 20

(constriction)

Timolol acetate (sympaLYTIC)

Question 21

3 drug groups for antifungals

Answer 21

1. Polyenes

2. Azoles

3. Nucleoside analogs

Question 22

What are the two polyenes

Answer 22

1. Amphotercin B (yeast)
2. Natamycin (fungi, and fusarium)

Question 23

Which condition are you treating when you treat with antifungals

Answer 23

Keratomycosis

Question 24

Which three Azoles

Answer 24

1. Miconazole (fungi, yeast)
2. Itraconcazole (fungi)
3. Clotrimazole (Aspergillus)

Question 25

Drug of choice for occular aspergillosis

Answer 25

**Clotrimazole**

Question 26

What is the nucleoside analog

Answer 26

**Flucystosine** (*broad, fungi)*

Question 27

Which drug is flucyostisine synergistic with

Answer 27

Amphotercin B

Question 28

Does Werners prefer ointments or eyedrops

Answer 28

Ointments - on eye longer

Question 29

Which ocular antifungal has resistance ?

Answer 29

Flucocystocine

Question 30

Which ocular antifungal lacks a commerical use?

Answer 30

Itraconazole (give with DMSO)

Question 31

Which two antifungals work against yeast?

Answer 31

**Amphotercin B** **Miconazole**

Question 32

Viral conditions treated in the eye

Answer 32

* **Herpes keratitis, keratoconjunctivits** * **Putative viral superficial keratitis**

Question 34

What are the ocular antivirals

Answer 34

1. Deoxyuridine 2. Trifluridine 3. Aciclovir 4 Interferon gamme 5. Lysine 6. Diclofenac sodium

Question 35

Which antivirals are epitheliotoxi

Answer 35

Deoxyuridine Triflurodine

Question 36

Which antiviral inhibits viral protein synthesis

Answer 36

Interferon gamma

Question 37

Which antivirals are teratogenic

Answer 37

Deoxyuridine Trifluridine

Question 38

Which antiviral is least toxic

Answer 38

**Acliclovir**

Question 39

What do you use proteinase inhibiotrs for

Answer 39

Corneal ulcers

Question 40

Which proteinase inhibitor is broad spectrum, acting on both the host and microbial proteinases

Answer 40

Plasma A2 macroglobulin

Question 41

Chelating agents for corneal ulcers

Answer 41

EDTA Acetylcysteine Tetracyclines

Question 42

Which proteinase inhibitor is mucolytic

Answer 42

Acetylcysteine

Question 43

Which proteinase inhibitor impairs epithelialization

Answer 43

EDTA

Question 44

What are systemic proteinase inhibitor acting on the eye

Answer 44

Homologous plasma/serum (plus EDTA or Acetylcysteine)

Question 45

Which proteinase inhibitor works against pseudomonas

Answer 45

Ilomastat

Question 46

Which proteinase inhibitor imedes extravasation of leukocytes

Answer 46

Heparin

Question 47

Which anti-inflammatory do you NEVER use on damage cornea? Why?

Answer 47

Glucocorticoids --\> impedes wound healing

Question 48

Which anti-inflammatory is used for **Equine Recurrent Uritis.** What is its effect

Answer 48

**Cylcosporin A** - immunosuppressive

Question 49

Which anti-inflammatory is best for allergic conjunctivitis

Answer 49

Anti-histamines