Opthalmology

Question 1

What are drusen a sign of?

Answer 1

Dry age related macular degeneration

Question 2

What name is given to the area with the highest density of photoreceptors?

Answer 2

Fovea

Question 3

What is the name of the surgery for cataracts?

Answer 3

Phacoemulsification

Question 4

How does age-related macular degeneration px?

Answer 4

Central vision loss
Straight lines appear wavy
Poor night vision

Question 5

How is wet age related macular degeneration treated?

Answer 5

Anti-VEGF injections

Question 6

What Ix are useful in age related macular degeneration?

Answer 6

Amsler grid
Ocular coherence tomography (OCT)
Fluorescein angiography

Question 7

Treatment options for diabetic retinopathy

Answer 7

Laser
Anti-VEGF injections
Intravitreal steroids

Question 8

How does primary open angle glaucoma px?

Answer 8

Loss of peripheral vision

Question 9

Ix for chronic glaucoma

Answer 9

Tonometry

Visual fields

Question 10

What drugs are used for chronic glaucoma?

Answer 10

Prostaglandin analogues - latanoprost

Beta blockers - timolol

Question 11

SE of latanoprost

Answer 11

Increased eyelash length

Question 12

Causes of Horners syndrome

Answer 12

Stroke, MS
Pancoast tumour
Carotid artery dissection

Question 13

Px of Horners

Answer 13

Ptosis
Meiosis
Anhydrosis
pseudoenopthalmus

Question 14

What drugs can be used to dilate the pupils

Answer 14

Tropicamide
Cyclopentolate
Atropine

Question 15

When are pupil dilating drugs CI

Answer 15

Head injury
Contact lenses in situ
Risk of closed angle glaucoma

Question 16

4Cs of examining an optic disc

Answer 16

Colour
Contour
Cup
Circulation

Question 17

Most common cause vitreous haemorrhage

Answer 17

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 18

What is the vascular layer of the eye called?

Answer 18

Choroid

Question 19

Risk factors for cataracts

Answer 19

Sunlight, ageing, alcohol, smoking, corticosteroids, DM

Question 20

What triad is characteristic of open angle glaucoma

Answer 20

Raised IOP > 21
Abnormal disc
VF defect

Question 21

Tests for open angle glaucoma

Answer 21

Tonometry
VF test
Fundoscopy

Question 22

Initial tx for CRAO

Answer 22

Ocular massage

Acetalozamide + anterior chamber paracentesis

Question 23

What sign on fundoscopy indicates retinal vein occlusion?

Answer 23

Flame haemorrhages

Question 24

What is first line mx for blepharitis, styes and chalazion?

Answer 24

Warm compress

Question 25

Which virus most commonly causes conjunctivitis?

Answer 25

Adenovirus

Question 26

Why should only specialist use steroids for red eye?

Answer 26

If viral (herpes simplex) keratitis - using steroids will cause an ulcer

Question 27

What is the tx for bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 27

Chloramphenicol eye drops and fusidic acid (abx)

Question 28

What is keratitis inflammation of?

Answer 28

Cornea

Question 29

What sign indicates viral keratitis?

Answer 29

Dendritic shape that stains with fluorescein

Question 30

Which virus causes keratitis?

Answer 30

herpes simplex

Question 31

How does viral keratitis present?

Answer 31

Red eye Foreign body sensation Photophobia Watery discharge

Question 32

What forms the uvea?

Answer 32

Iris Ciliary body Choroid

Question 33

Which conditions are associated with anterior uveitis?

Answer 33

Seronegative arthropathies Sarcoidosis, syphilis Behcet's disease

Question 34

What signs suggest anterior uveitis?

Answer 34

Intense redness of globe Irregular small pupil Fluid level in anterior chamber

Question 35

How do you distinguish between episcleritis (common, benign) and scleritis?

Answer 35

``` Epi = localized redness, no LOV, no discharge Scleritis = very painful, associated loss of vision ```

Question 36

What test can be used to measure the drainage angle of the eye?

Answer 36

Gonioscopy

Question 37

How to tx acute close angle glaucoma if immeadaite referral impossible/

Answer 37

Lie flat Pilocarpine eye drops to constrict Acetazolamide oral

Question 38

Which red eye conditions cause pain and LOV?

Answer 38

Glaucoma Keratitis Scleritis

Question 39

What is an important cause of a third nerve palsy?

Answer 39

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

Question 40

What is most common cause of optic disc cupping?

Answer 40

Glaucoma