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Opthalmology and Otalaryngology Flashcards

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1
Q

when does eye development begin

A

5 weeks

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2
Q

what is the retina derived from

A

neuroectoderm

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3
Q

what are the vascular layers and sclerocorneal layers derived from?

A

mesoderm

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4
Q

what is the lens derived from?

A

surface ectoderm

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5
Q

when does eyelid close in response to light

A

30 weeks

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6
Q

when do pupils become reactive

A

30 weeks - well developed at 1 month

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7
Q

when does conjugate horizontal gaze occur?

A

1 month

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8
Q

when does visual fixation develop

A

1 month; well developed at 2 months

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9
Q

when does conjugate vertical gaze develop

A

2 months

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10
Q

when does visual following develop

A

3 months

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11
Q

when does visual evoked potential develop to adult levels?

A

6 months

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12
Q

when does optic nerve myelination complete?

A

2 years

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13
Q

which causes constriction and dilation? SNS vs PNS

A

Parasympathetic - constriction
sympathetic - dilation

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14
Q

leukocoria ddx

A

cataracts
retinoblastoma
coloboma
RoP
persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous
retinal detachment or dysplasia
vitreous hemorrhage
intraoccular inflammation
medulloepithelioma
myelinated nerve fibers

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15
Q

hypotelorism

A

holoprosencephaly
Meckel Gruber
trisomy 13
Williams

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16
Q

hypertelorism

A

Apert
cat-eye
CHARGE
Cri du chat
Crouzon
del 13q
DiGeorge
Holt-Oram
Noonan
tri 8

hydantoin and isoretinoin`

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17
Q

upward slant

A

trisomy 21
hydantoin
prader willi
trisomy 13 or 18

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18
Q

downward slant

A

greater growth of brain above eye - maxillary hypoplasia

apert
noonan
criduchat
cat eye
digeorge
isoretinoin

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19
Q

aniridia

A

11pdel
wagr

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20
Q

cherry red spot

A

niemann pick and tay sachs
sialidosis

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21
Q

coloboma

A

cat eye
charge
13q del
treacher collins (eyelid)
tri 8
goldenhar (eyelid)

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22
Q

corneal opacities

A

mucopolysaccharidosis
mucolipidosis
fabry
cystinosis
hypophosphatasia
wilson

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23
Q

epicanthal folds

A

cridu chat
13qdel
fragile x
noonan
smith lemli optiz
stickler
tri21
williams
FAS
methotrexate
valproate

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24
Q

heterochromia

A

waardenburg
horners
hirshsprung

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25
lens dislocation
homocystinuria marfan ehlers danlos
26
telecanthus
waardenburg
27
blue sclera
OI 1 and 2, 3 initially, not 4 russel - silver ehlers danlos and marfans incontinentia pigment turner
28
stage 1 ROP
demarcation line
29
stage 2 ROP
ridge
30
stage 3 ROP
ridge + extraretinal neovascularization into vitreous space
31
stage 4 ROP
partial retinal detachment
32
stage 5 ROP
complete retinal detachment
33
plus disease
dilated tortuous vessels iris vascular engorgement, pupillary regidity, vitreous haze/hemorrhage
34
screening for ROP
< 30 weeks, < 1500 g
35
risk of strabismus in PT and FT
12-22% of preterm, 1-3% FT
36
congenital infections cataracts
HSV varicella rubella (50%) toxo
37
metabolic cataracts
galactosemia galactokinase deficiency mevalonic aciduria mucolipidoses hypocalcemia vitamin A or D
38
genetic cataracts
smith lemli optiz stickler tri 21 WAGR
39
secondary glaucoma causes
homocystinuria congenital rubella RoP Sturge Weber Stickler
40
eye findings in tri 13
hypotelorism microphtalmia coloboma of iris retinal dysplasia
41
eye findings in tri 18
short palpebral fissures hypoplastic orbital ridges, inner epicanthal folds, ptosis, corneal opacity
42
eye findings in tri 21
bruschfield spots lens opacities myopia nyastagmus strabismus blocked tear duct
43
eye findings in del 13q
colobomas small eyes hypertelorism increased risk Rb ptosis epicanthal folds
44
preauricular pit or sinus
beckwith wiedemann branchio oto renal syndrom risk of infections and cyst development NOT associated with hearing loss
45
pre auricular skin tag
goldenhar hemifacial microsomia 1st and 2nd branchial arch syndrome RISK hearing loss
46
microtia
isoretinoin RISK hearing loss treacher collins goldenhar hemifacial microtia
47
small cupped ears
RISK hearing loss CHARGE Hirshsprung agenesis of corpus callosum
48
when is AABR reliable
after 34 weeks
49
what is 1-3-6 rule for hearing
screen by 1 month diagnose by 3 months intervention by 6 months
50
ranges of hearing loss
normal - 10 to 15 mild 26 - 40 mod 41- 55 mod sever 56-70 severe 21 - 90 profound > 91
51
most common genetic cause of hearing loss
connexin 26
52
syndromes with hearing loss
alport pierre robin usher pendred waardenburg treacher collins charge klippel feil tri8 stickler tri21
53
when to follow up failed ABR?
< 1 month
54
development of nose
- formation of NT from ectoderm (3rd week) - NT into neural crest cells - migration neural crest into mesenchyme - nasal cavity from invagination of nasal placodes (3-6 weeks) - epithelial plug in nostrils until 24 weeks when resorption occurs
55
nasal encephalocoele
contiguous with CSF may be pulsatile and expand with crying or compression of jugular veins
56
nasal glioma
does not have CSF connection firm, noncompressible 60% external 30% internal 10% mixed
57
nasal meningocele
contains CSF and brain tissue may be pulsatile and expand with crying or compression of jugular veins
58
epulis vs epignathus
epulis from gum epignathus from jaw/hard palate
59
ranula vs mucocele
mucocele from minor salivary gland; painless ranula from major salivary gland; painless
60
macroglossia
lymphangioma hemangioma Beckwith wiedemann hypothyroid mucopolysaccharidoses tri21
61
MCC laryngeal anomaly
1. layngomalaxia 2. VC paralysis (L > R)
62
embryology of laryngeal web
week4-5 primitive tissue obliterates area of larynx if airway does not canalize the web will form during week 7-8 often in glottis area
63
endoscopy showing pale or blue compressible mass originating laterally
subglottic hemangioma
64
grading in subglottic stenosis and treatment
grade 1 <50% grade 2: 51-70% grade 3: 71-99% grade 4: complete obstruction 1 & 2 endoscopic laser with stenting 3 & 4: surgery
65
preauricular problem
hemangioma vascular malformation
66
post auricular problems
branchial cleft cyst (I)
67
submandibular
hemangioma ranula
68
submental and midline neck
thyroglossal duct cyst dermoid cyst venous malformation
69
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
branchial cleft cyst (I, II, II) hemangioma laryngocele
70
supraclavicular/paratracheal
thyroid mass parathyroid mass esophageal diverticulum lipoma dermoid cyst
71
supraclavicular
lipoma
72
average palatal index in neonate
0.3
73
MCC neonatal nasal obstruction
mucosal inflammation
74
% of cleft lip + palate identified prenatally
28%

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