Pharmacology

Question 1

biochemical factors that improve absorption

Answer 1

lmw
lipid soluble
non ionized

Question 2

pinocytosis

Answer 2

energy dependent
compounds engulfed and packaged by cells

Question 3

Vd =

Answer 3

total amount of drug in body (mg) / [(plasma concentration of drug (mg/L) x weight (kg)]

Question 4

preterm vs full term in regards to Vd

Answer 4

preterm higher Vd

Question 5

what do acidic and basic drugs bind to

Answer 5

acidic - albumin

basic - alpha-glycoproteins and lipoproteins

Question 6

phase 1 reactions

Answer 6

• oxidation
• reduction
• hydrolysis
• demethylation
  enzyme not specific for substrate

Question 7

phase 2 reactions

Answer 7

conjugation of drug with endogenous component (glycine, glucuronic acid, sufate, glutathione or hippurate)

glucoronidation most important

Question 8

which common drugs undergo glucuronidation

Answer 8

morphine
tylenol

Question 9

zero order excretion

Answer 9

constant amount per time regardless of concentration
half life dependent on dosage

Question 10

drugs that are zero-order

Answer 10

aspirin
chloramphenicol
ethanol
diazepam

Question 11

first order exretion

Answer 11

constant percentation of drug per time
half life is independent of dosage

Question 12

equation for determining dose to achieve steady state

Answer 12

• dose 1 = x dose
• steadystate goal

Question 13

drugs that are first order

Answer 13

• theophylline
• phenobarbital

Question 14

loading dose calculation

Answer 14

Vd (L/kg) X Cp (mg/L) / (S x F)

Cp = plasma concentration (Cp desired = Cp current)
S = fraction of drug that is active
F = fraction of drug that is bioavailable

Assume S and F = 1 if not specified

Question 15

rate of clearance between preterm and term

Answer 15

preterm is slower due to higher Vd

Question 16

clearance of drug equation

Answer 16

elimination rate constant x volume of distribution

Question 17

how many half lives are needed to reach steady state

Answer 17

5

Question 18

steady state equation

Answer 18

= infusion rate/clearance of drug = infusion rate/(elimination rate constant x Vd)

Question 19

half life equation

Answer 19

= 0.693/K_el = 0.693/(Clearance/Vd) = (0.693x Vd)/Clearance

Question 20

at steady state what is true about peaks and troughs

Answer 20

they are both equal

Question 21

peak level dependent on:

Answer 21

infusion rate
longer rate = lower peak
aminoglycosides are measured 30 minutes after end of infusion

Question 22

if time dependent killing what should you measure?

Answer 22

trough

Question 23

trough level dependent on:

Answer 23

interval of drug

Question 24

factors that allow drugs to be excreted into breastmilk

Answer 24

lmw
high lipid solubility
low protein binding
non ioninzed

Question 25

drugs contraindicated for mothers who are breastfeeding

Answer 25

lithium methotrexate phencylclidine radioactive agents

Question 26

drugs that interfere with neonatal oxidation of vitamin K

Answer 26

anticonvulsants - phenytoin and phenobarbital antiTB - isoniazid and rifampin warfarin cephalosporins

Question 27

drugs that displace unconjugated bilirubin from albumin

Answer 27

ceftriaxone sulfonamides indomethacin

Question 28

drugs that increase p450 metabolism and increase conjugation

Answer 28

phenobarbital and rifampin