oral cavity, oropharynx and swallowing

Question 1

between the lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gingiva internally.

What are the two regions of the oral cavity?

Answer 1

1. oral cavity
   
   1. contents
      
      1. oral vestibule
         
         1. between the lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gingiva internally
      2. oral cavity proper
         
         1. internal to the teeth and gingivae
         2. regions
            
            1. floor
               
               1. formed by the tongue and underlying U-shaped sublingual sulcus with muscular support provided by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
            2. roof
               
               1. formed by the palate
               2. palate
                  
                  1. separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity above it
   2. oral cavity opens posteriorly into the oropharynx
      
      1. is the path of a bolus of food or liquid during swallowing
   3. the boundary between the oral cavity and oropharynx is formed by the right and left palatoglossal arches (palatoglossal folds)
      
      1. folds of mucous membrane raised over the palatoglossus muscles

Question 2

This is internal to the teeth of the gingivae.

answer the following about the regions: sttructure, supports/separates.

Answer 2

1. oral cavity
   
   1. contents
      
      1. oral vestibule
         
         1. betwee nthe lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gingiva internally
      2. oral cavity proper
         
         1. internal to the teeth and gingivae
         2. regions
            
            1. floor
               
               1. formed by the tongue and underlying U-shaped sublingual sulcus with muscular support provided by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
            2. roof
               
               1. formed by the palate
               2. palate
                  
                  1. separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity above it
   2. oral cavity opens posteriorly into the oropharynx
      
      1. is the path of a bolus of food or liquid during swallowing
   3. the boundary between the oral cavity and oropharynx is formed by the right and left palatoglossal arches (palatoglossal folds)
      
      1. folds of mucous membrane raised over the palatoglossus muscles

Question 3

the oral pharynx opens posteriorly to into the ___. What is this the path for?

Answer 3

1. oral cavity
   
   1. contents
      
      1. oral vestibule
         
         1. betwee nthe lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gingiva internally
      2. oral cavity proper
         
         1. internal to the teeth and gingivae
         2. regions
            
            1. floor
               
               1. formed by the tongue and underlying U-shaped sublingual sulcus with muscular support provided by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
            2. roof
               
               1. formed by the palate
               2. palate
                  
                  1. separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity above it
   2. oral cavity opens posteriorly into the oropharynx
      
      1. is the path of a bolus of food or liquid during swallowing
   3. the boundary between the oral cavity and oropharynx is formed by the right and left palatoglossal arches (palatoglossal folds)
      
      1. folds of mucous membrane raised over the palatoglossus muscles

Question 4

whatt is formed by the palatoglossal arches(AKA ____)?

Answer 4

1. oral cavity
   
   1. contents
      
      1. oral vestibule
         
         1. betwee nthe lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gingiva internally
      2. oral cavity proper
         
         1. internal to the teeth and gingivae
         2. regions
            
            1. floor
               
               1. formed by the tongue and underlying U-shaped sublingual sulcus with muscular support provided by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
            2. roof
               
               1. formed by the palate
               2. palate
                  
                  1. separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity above it
   2. oral cavity opens posteriorly into the oropharynx
      
      1. is the path of a bolus of food or liquid during swallowing
   3. the boundary between the oral cavity and oropharynx is formed by the right and left palatoglossal arches (palatoglossal folds)
      
      1. folds of mucous membrane raised over the palatoglossus muscles

Question 5

the palatoglossal folds lay the boundary for?

what are they raised over?

Answer 5

1. oral cavity
   
   1. contents
      
      1. oral vestibule
         
         1. betwee nthe lips and cheeks externally and the teeth and gingiva internally
      2. oral cavity proper
         
         1. internal to the teeth and gingivae
         2. regions
            
            1. floor
               
               1. formed by the tongue and underlying U-shaped sublingual sulcus with muscular support provided by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
            2. roof
               
               1. formed by the palate
               2. palate
                  
                  1. separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity above it
   2. oral cavity opens posteriorly into the oropharynx
      
      1. is the path of a bolus of food or liquid during swallowing
   3. the boundary between the oral cavity and oropharynx is formed by the right and left palatoglossal arches (palatoglossal folds)
      
      1. folds of mucous membrane raised over the palatoglossus muscles, responsible for raising the back part of the tongue

Question 6

describe the following

1. V-shaped portion on the tongue
2. small pit, at its angle. embryological origin of thy thyroid gland

Answer 6

1. sulcus terminalis
   
   1. V-shaped portion on postterior portion of tongue with foramen cecum, small pit, at angle
2. foramen cecum
   
   1. indicates the site of embryological orgin of the thyroid gland

Question 7

what is the foramen cecum important for?

Answer 7

1. sulcus terminalis
   
   1. V-shaped portion on postterior portion of tongue with foramen cecum, small pit, at angle
2. foramen cecum
   
   1. indicates the site of embryological orgin of the thyroid gland

Question 8

what portions of the tongue are extremely mobile?

Describe the structure connecting the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

Answer 8

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate ppapillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA(sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 9

Describe the innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

Answer 9

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate ppapillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA(sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 10

GSA from the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve and SVA from the chordatympani nerve VII innervate what structure of the face?

Answer 10

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate ppapillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA(sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 11

there are several taste buds on the dorsal body, describe them and give location if important.

Answer 11

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate ppapillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA(sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 12

describe the lingual taste buds : fungiform, filiform, vallate

Answer 12

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate papillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA(sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 13

What is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue located in? describe th lingual papillae here.

Answer 13

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate ppapillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA (sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 14

describ e the innervation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

Answer 14

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate ppapillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA(sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 15

what portion of the face receive the following?

1. GVA/SVA from the
   
   1. glossopharyngeal nerve IX
   2. Vagus neve X

Answer 15

tongue

1. anterior2/3 - body and apex = extremely mobile
   
   1. body of the tongue
   2. anterior tip-apex
   3. lingual frenulum
      
      1. inferior surface of the tongue is connected to the floor of the oral cavity by a midline fold of the mucous membrane
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GSA from lingual branch of the mandibular nerve V3
      2. taste SVA from chorda tympani nerve VII
   5. surface - dorsal body​
      
      1. lingual papillae -small projections of mucous membrane
         
         1. contain taste buds
            
            1. fungiform pappillae
               
               1. appear grossly as scattered red spots among filiform papillae
            2. filiform papillae
               
               1. most numerous of the lingual papillae
               2. responsible for giving the tongue texture
            3. vallate ppapillae
               
               1. ro of 8-12 large cylindrival flattened structures anterior and parallell to the sulcus terminalis.
               2. carry taste buds
2. posterior 1/3
   
   1. root of the tongue
   2. located in the oropharynx
   3. has no lingual papillae, but has an irregular surface due to lymphod nodules of the ligual tonsils.
   4. innervation
      
      1. receives GVA and SVA(sensattion) from the glossopharyngeal nerveIX
      2. vagus nerve X conttributtes slightly to sensation
         
         1. SVA and GVA at the root of the tongue and epiglottis

Question 16

describe the structures with respect to the inferior surface of the tongue

1. provide rapid drug absorption
2. located on each side of the base of the lingual frenulum

Answer 16

1. inferior surface of the tongue
   
   1. deep lingual veins
      
      1. provide rapid absorption of drugs
         
         1. nitroglycerin
   2. sublingual papillae (sublingual caruncle)
      
      1. located on each side of the base of the lingual frenulum
      2. contains the opening of the submandibular duct

Question 17

descirbe the structures with respect to the inferior surface of the tongue

1. deep lingual veins
2. sublingual papillae

Answer 17

1. inferior surface of the tongue
   
   1. deep lingual veins
      
      1. provide rapid absorption of drugs
         
         1. nitroglycerin
   2. sublingual papillae (sublingual caruncle)
      
      1. located on each side of the base of the lingual frenulum
      2. contains the opening of the submandibular duct

Question 18

list the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Answer 18

1. muscles of the tongue
   
   1. innervation
      
      1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. vagus nerve
         
         1. palatoglossus
   2. intrinsic
      
      1. contained entirely within the tongue
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues shape
      3. muscles
         
         1. superior longitudinal
         2. transverse and vertical
         3. inferior longitudinal
   3. extrinsic
      
      1. have external attachments
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues position
         2. help change its help
      3. muscles
         
         1. hyoglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the styloglossus
            2. thin, quadrilateral
            3. ascending from the hyoid bone
            4. function
               
               1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE
         2. styloglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus
            2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process
            3. function
               
               1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE
         3. genioglossus
            
            1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus
            2. originates from the superior mental spine
            3. funtion
               
               1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE
         4. palatoglossus
            
            1. innervated by the vagus
            2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue
            3. function
               
               1. helps to depress the soft palate
               2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate
   4. disease
      
      1. hypoglossal nerve lesion
         
         1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion
      2. supine unconsiuous person
         
         1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 19

describe the disease/conditions to be considered for hypoglossal nerve and genioglossus muscle

Answer 19

1. muscles of the tongue
   
   1. innervation
      
      1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. vagus nerve
         
         1. palatoglossus
   2. intrinsic
      
      1. contained entirely within the tongue
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues shape
      3. muscles
         
         1. superior longitudinal
         2. transverse and vertical
         3. inferior longitudinal
   3. extrinsic
      
      1. have external attachments
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues position
         2. help change its help
      3. muscles
         
         1. hyoglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the styloglossus
            2. thin, quadrilateral
            3. ascending from the hyoid bone
            4. function
               
               1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE
         2. styloglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus
            2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process
            3. function
               
               1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE
         3. genioglossus
            
            1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus
            2. originates from the superior mental spine
            3. funtion
               
               1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE
         4. palatoglossus
            
            1. innervated by the vagus
            2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue
            3. function
               
               1. helps to depress the soft palate
               2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate
   4. disease
      
      1. hypoglossal nerve lesion
         
         1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion
      2. supine unconsiuous person
         
         1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 20

describe the presentation of a patient with a hypoglossal nerve lession.

Answer 20

1. muscles of the tongue
   
   1. innervation
      
      1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. vagus nerve
         
         1. palatoglossus
   2. intrinsic
      
      1. contained entirely within the tongue
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues shape
      3. muscles
         
         1. superior longitudinal
         2. transverse and vertical
         3. inferior longitudinal
   3. extrinsic
      
      1. have external attachments
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues position
         2. help change its help
      3. muscles
         
         1. hyoglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the styloglossus
            2. thin, quadrilateral
            3. ascending from the hyoid bone
            4. function
               
               1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE
         2. styloglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus
            2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process
            3. function
               
               1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE
         3. genioglossus
            
            1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus
            2. originates from the superior mental spine
            3. funtion
               
               1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE
         4. palatoglossus
            
            1. innervated by the vagus
            2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue
            3. function
               
               1. helps to depress the soft palate
               2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate
   4. disease
      
      1. hypoglossal nerve lesion
         
         1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion
      2. supine unconsiuous person
         
         1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 21

describe the concern with an unconsious person, with regard to the tongue muscles

Answer 21

1. muscles of the tongue
   
   1. innervation
      
      1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. vagus nerve
         
         1. palatoglossus
   2. intrinsic
      
      1. contained entirely within the tongue
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues shape
      3. muscles
         
         1. superior longitudinal
         2. transverse and vertical
         3. inferior longitudinal
   3. extrinsic
      
      1. have external attachments
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues position
         2. help change its help
      3. muscles
         
         1. hyoglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the styloglossus
            2. thin, quadrilateral
            3. ascending from the hyoid bone
            4. function
               
               1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE
         2. styloglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus
            2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process
            3. function
               
               1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE
         3. genioglossus
            
            1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus
            2. originates from the superior mental spine
            3. funtion
               
               1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE
         4. palatoglossus
            
            1. innervated by the vagus
            2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue
            3. function
               
               1. helps to depress the soft palate
               2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate
   4. disease
      
      1. hypoglossal nerve lesion
         
         1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion
      2. supine unconsiuous person
         
         1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 22

list the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Answer 22

1. muscles of the tongue
   
   1. innervation
      
      1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. vagus nerve
         
         1. palatoglossus
   2. intrinsic
      
      1. contained entirely within the tongue
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues shape
      3. muscles
         
         1. superior longitudinal
         2. transverse and vertical
         3. inferior longitudinal
   3. extrinsic
      
      1. have external attachments
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues position
         2. help change its help
      3. muscles
         
         1. hyoglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the styloglossus
            2. thin, quadrilateral
            3. ascending from the hyoid bone
            4. function
               
               1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE
         2. styloglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus
            2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process
            3. function
               
               1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE
         3. genioglossus
            
            1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus
            2. originates from the superior mental spine
            3. funtion
               
               1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE
         4. palatoglossus
            
            1. innervated by the vagus
            2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue
            3. function
               
               1. helps to depress the soft palate
               2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate
   4. disease
      
      1. hypoglossal nerve lesion
         
         1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion
      2. supine unconsiuous person
         
         1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 23

describe the innervation of the tongue

Answer 23

1. muscles of the tongue
   
   1. innervation
      
      1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. vagus nerve
         
         1. palatoglossus
   2. intrinsic
      
      1. contained entirely within the tongue
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues shape
      3. muscles
         
         1. superior longitudinal
         2. transverse and vertical
         3. inferior longitudinal
   3. extrinsic
      
      1. have external attachments
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues position
         2. help change its help
      3. muscles
         
         1. hyoglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the styloglossus
            2. thin, quadrilateral
            3. ascending from the hyoid bone
            4. function
               
               1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE
         2. styloglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus
            2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process
            3. function
               
               1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE
         3. genioglossus
            
            1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus
            2. originates from the superior mental spine
            3. funtion
               
               1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE
         4. palatoglossus
            
            1. innervated by the vagus
            2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue
            3. function
               
               1. helps to depress the soft palate
               2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate
   4. disease
      
      1. hypoglossal nerve lesion
         
         1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion
      2. supine unconsiuous person
         
         1. relaxed genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 24

describe the function of the intrinic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

extrinsic: styologlossus, hyoglossus, genioslossus

Answer 24

1. muscles of the tongue
   
   1. innervation
      
      1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII
      2. vagus nerve
         
         1. palatoglossus
   2. intrinsic
      
      1. contained entirely within the tongue
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues shape
      3. muscles
         
         1. superior longitudinal
         2. transverse and vertical
         3. inferior longitudinal
   3. extrinsic
      
      1. have external attachments
      2. function
         
         1. change the tongues position
         2. help change its help
      3. muscles
         
         1. hyoglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the styloglossus
            2. thin, quadrilateral
            3. ascending from the hyoid bone
            4. function
               
               1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE
         2. styloglossus
            
            1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus
            2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process
            3. function
               
               1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE
         3. genioglossus
            
            1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus
            2. originates from the superior mental spine
            3. funtion
               
               1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE
         4. palatoglossus
            
            1. innervated by the vagus
            2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue
            3. function
               
               1. helps to depress the soft palate
               2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate
   4. disease
      
      1. hypoglossal nerve lesion
         
         1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion
      2. supine unconsiuous person
         
         1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 25

which muscle(s) are responsible for the following with respect to the tongue: 1. change the tongues SHAPE 2. changes the tongues POSITION

Answer 25

1. muscles of the tongue 1. innervation 1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII 2. vagus nerve 1. palatoglossus 2. ***_intrinsic_*** 1. ***_contained entirely within the tongue_*** 2. ***_function_*** 1. ***_change the tongues shape_*** 3. muscles 1. superior longitudinal 2. transverse and vertical 3. inferior longitudinal 3. ***_extrinsic_*** 1. ***_have external attachments_*** 2. ***_function_*** 1. ***_change the tongues position_*** 2. ***_help change its help_*** 3. muscles 1. hyoglossus 1. interdigitate with the styloglossus 2. thin, quadrilateral 3. ascending from the hyoid bone 4. function 1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE 2. styloglossus 1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus 2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process 3. function 1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE 3. genioglossus 1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus 2. originates from the superior mental spine 3. funtion 1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE 4. palatoglossus 1. innervated by the vagus 2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 3. function 1. helps to depress the soft palate 2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate 4. disease 1. hypoglossal nerve lesion 1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion 2. supine unconsiuous person 1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 26

Which muscles are involved in the following actions with respect to the tongue muscles. 1. depresses the tongue 2. Elevates and Retracts the tongue 3. protrudes the tongue 4. known more for the interaction with the soft palate

Answer 26

1. muscles of the tongue 1. innervation 1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII 2. vagus nerve 1. palatoglossus 2. intrinsic 1. contained entirely within the tongue 2. function 1. change the tongues shape 3. muscles 1. superior longitudinal 2. transverse and vertical 3. inferior longitudinal 3. extrinsic 1. have external attachments 2. function 1. change the tongues position 2. help change its help 3. muscles 1. ***_hyoglossus_*** 1. interdigitate with the styloglossus 2. thin, quadrilateral 3. ascending from the hyoid bone 4. ***_function_*** 1. ***_DEPRESSES THE TONGUE_*** 2. ***_styloglossus_*** 1. interdigitate with the hyoglossus 2. descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process 3. ***_function_*** 1. ***_ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE_*** 3. genioglossus 1. fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus 2. originates from the superior mental spine 3. ***_funtion_*** 1. ***_PROTRUDES THE TONGUE_*** 4. ***_palatoglossus_*** 1. innervated by the vagus 2. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 3. f***_unction_*** 1. ***_helps to depress the soft palate_*** 2. ***_better known for its contribution to the soft palate_*** 4. disease 1. hypoglossal nerve lesion 1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion 2. supine unconsiuous person 1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 27

describe the muscles of the tongue based on following details 1. interdigitate wit hthe styloglossus. Thin, quadrilateral. Ascending from the hyoid bone 2. interdigitate with the hyoglossus. Descends anteriomedially into the tonguefrom the styloid process. 3. Fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styoglossus. Originates from tthe superior mental spine. 4. Innervated by the vagus. Passes from the soft palate into the tongue.

Answer 27

1. muscles of the tongue 1. innervation 1. all by the GSE fibers of the hypoglossal nerve XII 2. vagus nerve 1. palatoglossus 2. intrinsic 1. contained entirely within the tongue 2. function 1. change the tongues shape 3. muscles 1. superior longitudinal 2. transverse and vertical 3. inferior longitudinal 3. extrinsic 1. have external attachments 2. function 1. change the tongues position 2. help change its help 3. muscles 1. ***_hyoglossus_*** 1. ***_interdigitate with the styloglossus_*** 2. ***_thin, quadrilateral_*** 3. ***_ascending from the hyoid bone_*** 4. function 1. DEPRESSES THE TONGUE 2. ***_styloglossus_*** 1. ***_interdigitate with the hyoglossus_*** 2. ***_descends anteriomedially into the tongue from the styloid process_*** 3. function 1. ELEVATES and RETRACTS THE TONGUE 3. ***_genioglossus_*** 1. ***_fan shaped muscle located medial to the hypoglossus and styloglossus_*** 2. ***_originates from the superior mental spine_*** 3. funtion 1. PROTRUDES THE TONGUE 4. ***_palatoglossus_*** 1. ***_innervated by the vagus_*** 2. ***_passes from the soft palate into the tongue_*** 3. function 1. helps to depress the soft palate 2. better known for its contribution to the soft palate 4. disease 1. hypoglossal nerve lesion 1. protruded tongue deviates TOWARD the side of the lesion 2. supine unconsiuous person 1. relaced genioglossus muscles allow the tongue to fall posteriorly. This obstructs the airway with danger of suffication.

Question 28

Describe the blood supply to the tongue 1. artery? 2. pathway?

Answer 28

1. ***_blood supply to the tongue_*** 1. ***_lingual artery_*** 1. ***_branches from the carotid artery_*** 2. ***_courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle_*** 3. ***_divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus_*** 1. ***_anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches_*** 1. ***_deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue_*** 2. ***_sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus_*** 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 29

the lingual artery courses ________ to the hypoglossal muscle

Answer 29

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. ***_courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle_*** 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 30

describe the division of the lingual artery with ______ muscle.

Answer 30

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. ***_divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus_*** 1. ***_anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches_*** 1. ***_deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue_*** 2. ***_sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus_*** 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 31

why does the tongue bleed profusely when lacerated?

Answer 31

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 4. ***_the tongue has a rich blood supply and may bleed profusely if lacerated_*** 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 32

describe the venous drainage of the oral cavity

Answer 32

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. ***_venous drainage_*** 1. ***_veins_*** 1. ***_deep lingual_*** 1. ***_passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual_*** 2. ***_sublingual_*** 1. ***_form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle_*** 3. ***_dorsal lingual_*** 1. ***_run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle_***

Question 33

deep lingual vein passes where to join with the _____ vein?

Answer 33

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 34

form a vein that accompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Answer 34

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. ***_sublingual_*** 1. ***_form a vein that accompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle_*** 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 35

run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Answer 35

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. ***_dorsal lingual_*** 1. ***_run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle_***

Question 36

describe the pathway of the following vein: deep lingual

Answer 36

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. ***_deep lingual_*** 1. ***_passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual_*** 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 37

describe the pathway of the following vein: sublingual

Answer 37

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. ***_sublingual_*** 1. ***_form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle_*** 3. dorsal lingual 1. run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle

Question 38

describe the pathway of the following vein: dorsal lingual veins

Answer 38

1. blood supply to the tongue 1. lingual artery 1. branches from the carotid artery 2. courses MEDIAL (deep) to the hyoglossus muscle 3. divides into three parts with respect to the hyoglossus 1. anterior aspect of the hyoglossus ( 3rd division) = terminal branches 1. deep lingual artery -\> apex of the tongue 2. sublingual artery-\>sublingual sulcus 2. venous drainage 1. veins 1. deep lingual 1. passes posteriorly o nthe undersurface of the tongue joining the sublingual 2. sublingual 1. form a vein tha taccompanies the hypoglossal nerve LATERAL to the hyoglossus muscle 3. ***_dorsal lingual_*** 1. ***_run with the lingual artery MEDIAL to the hyoglossus muscle_***

Question 39

Describe the innervation of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

Answer 39

tongue parasympathetic innervation 1. submandibular ganglion 1. PSNS ganglion 2. travels with the lingual nerve from the chorda tympani VII 3. suspended from the lingual nerve of its side 4. receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from chorda tympani VII 5. nerve cell bodies in the ganlion send POSTGANGLIONIC PSNS fibers to 1. submandibular sailavry glands 2. sublingual salivary glands

Question 40

describe the pathway of the preganglionic PSNS fibers generating the submandibular ganglion

Answer 40

tongue parasympathetic innervation 1. submandibular ganglion 1. PSNS ganglion 2. travels with the lingual nerve from the chorda tympani VII 3. suspended from the lingual nerve of its side 4. receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from chorda tympani VII 5. nerve cell bodies in the ganlion send POSTGANGLIONIC PSNS fibers to 1. submandibular sailavry glands 2. sublingual salivary glands

Question 41

describe the contents and regions of the palate

Answer 41

1. palate 1. ***_consists of the_*** 1. ***_roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx_*** 2. ***_anterior 2/3 = hard palate_*** 1. ***_palatine processes of the maxillae_*** 2. ***_horizontal plates of the palatine bones_*** 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatinve foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. ***_posterior 1/3 soft palate_*** 1. ***_features_*** 1. ***_suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate_*** 2. ***_uvula_*** 1. ***_conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin_*** 3. ***_fibrous palatine aponeurosis_*** 1. ***_strengthen and provide muscle attachments_*** 2. ***_covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands_*** 2. ***_muscles_*** 1. ***_levator veli palitini_*** 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. ***_tensor veli palatini_*** 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. ***_palatoglossus_*** 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. ***_palatopharyngeus_*** 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. ***_musculus uvulae_*** 1. associated with the uvula

Question 42

describe the following with respect to the hard palate 1. what portion of the palate? 2. palatine processes of the \_\_\_\_\_ 3. ______ \_\_\_\_\_ of the palatine bones

Answer 42

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. ***_anterior 2/3 = hard palate_*** 1. ***_palatine processes of the maxillae_*** 2. ***_horizontal plates of the palatine bones_*** 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatinve foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. muscles 1. levator veli palitini 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. tensor veli palatini 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. palatoglossus 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. palatopharyngeus 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. musculus uvulae 1. associated with the uvula

Question 43

what meets at the transcverese palatine suture?

Answer 43

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. ***_palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture_*** 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatine foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. muscles 1. levator veli palitini 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. tensor veli palatini 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. palatoglossus 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. palatopharyngeus 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. musculus uvulae 1. associated with the uvula

Question 44

1. what do thepalatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meet at?

Answer 44

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. ***_palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meet at the transverse palatine suture_*** 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatinve foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. muscles 1. levator veli palitini 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. tensor veli palatini 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. palatoglossus 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. palatopharyngeus 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. musculus uvulae 1. associated with the uvula

Question 45

describe the following with respect to the hard palate 1. incisive fossa-3 parts 1. what part is medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 2. what part is piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone?

Answer 45

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. ***_incisive fossa_*** 1. ***_anterior midline_*** 2. ***_greater palatinve foramen_*** 1. ***_medial to each maxillary 3rd molar_*** 3. ***_lesser palatine foramina_*** 1. ***_piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone_*** 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. muscles 1. levator veli palitini 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. tensor veli palatini 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. palatoglossus 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. palatopharyngeus 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. musculus uvulae 1. associated with the uvula

Question 46

answer the following with regard to the hard palate 1. three regions make the ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ 2. location of the greater palatine foramen 3. location of the lesse palatine foramina

Answer 46

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. ***_incisive fossa_*** 1. ***_anterior midline_*** 2. ***_greater palatinve foramen_*** 1. ***_medial to each maxillary 3rd molar_*** 3. ***_lesser palatine foramina_*** 1. ***_piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone_*** 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. muscles 1. levator veli palitini 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. tensor veli palatini 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. palatoglossus 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. palatopharyngeus 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. musculus uvulae 1. associated with the uvula

Question 47

answer the following with respect to the muscles of the soft palate. 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE

Answer 47

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatinve foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. muscles 1. ***_levator veli palitini_*** 1. ***_function_*** 1. ***_ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL_*** 2. ***_tensor veli palatini_*** 1. ***_function_*** 1. ***_TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES_*** 3. ***_palatoglossus_*** 1. ***_passes from the soft palate into the tongue_*** 2. ***_helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE_*** 4. palatopharyngeus 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. musculus uvulae 1. associated with the uvula

Question 48

answer the following with respect to the soft palate 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 2. associated with the uvula

Answer 48

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatinve foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. muscles 1. levator veli palitini 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. tensor veli palatini 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. palatoglossus 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. ***_palatopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_function_*** 1. ***_ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE_*** 5. ***_musculus uvulae_*** 1. ***_associated with the uvula_***

Question 49

1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. what are the features 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin? 2. provide muscle attachments?

Answer 49

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatinve foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. ***_features_*** 1. ***_suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate_*** 2. ***_uvula_*** 1. ***_conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin_*** 3. ***_fibrous palatine aponeurosis_*** 1. ***_strengthen and provide muscle attachments_*** 2. ***_covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands_*** 2. muscles 1. levator veli palitini 1. function 1. ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL 2. tensor veli palatini 1. function 1. TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES 3. palatoglossus 1. passes from the soft palate into the tongue 2. helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE 4. palatopharyngeus 1. function 1. ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE 5. musculus uvulae 1. associated with the uvula

Question 50

list the function of the following muscles 1. levator veli palitini 2. ttensor veli palatini 3. palatoglossus 4. palatopharyngeus 5. musculus uvulae

Answer 50

1. palate 1. consists of the 1. roof of the oral cavity + oropharynx 2. anterior 2/3 = hard palate 1. palatine processes of the maxillae 2. horizontal plates of the palatine bones 3. features 1. palatine processes of the maxillae and the horizontal plates of the palatine bones meett at the transverse palatine suture 2. incisive fossa 1. anterior midline 2. greater palatinve foramen 1. medial to each maxillary 3rd molar 3. lesser palatine foramina 1. piercing the pyramidal process of the palatine bone 3. posterior 1/3 soft palate 1. features 1. suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate 2. uvula 1. conical process hanging from the middle of its posterior free margin 3. fibrous palatine aponeurosis 1. strengthen and provide muscle attachments 2. covering mucous membran has abundant mucous glands 2. ***_muscles_*** 1. ***_levator veli palitini_*** 1. ***_function_*** 1. ***_ELEVATES SOFT PALATE INTO CONTACT WITH THE POSTERIOR PHARYNGEAL WALL_*** 2. ***_tensor veli palatini_*** 1. ***_function_*** 1. ***_TENSES SOFT PALATE + OPENS AUDITORY TUBES_*** 3. ***_palatoglossus_*** 1. ***_passes from the soft palate into the tongue_*** 2. ***_helps DEPRESS THE SOFT PALATE_*** 4. ***_palatopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_function_*** 1. ***_ELEVATES THE PHARYNX + PULLS THE WALL ANTERIOR +DEPRESS SOFT PALATE_*** 5. ***_musculus uvulae_*** 1. ***_associated with the uvula_***

Question 51

describe the innervation of muscles of the soft palate.

Answer 51

1. innervation 1. ***_GSE innervation to the muscles of the soft palate_*** 1. ***_vagus nerve X_*** 1. ***_through the pharyngeal plexus except for the tensor veli palatini_*** 2. ***_veli palatini_*** 1. ***_mandibular nerve V3_*** 2. sensory innervation 1. from nasophalatine nerves + greater palatine nerves + lesser palatine nerves 2. all originate from the maxillary nerveV2 2. blood supply 1. arteries 1. greater palatine artery 1. from the maxillary artery 1. from the external carotid 2. lesser palatine artery 1. from the ascending palatine artery 1. from the facial artery 1. from the external carotid 3. on the superior side, partly fro mthe ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery 2. venous

Question 52

describe the sensory innervation involved with the soft palate

Answer 52

1. innervation 1. GSE innervation to the muscles of the soft palate 1. vagus nerve X 1. through the pharyngeal plexus except for the tensor veli palatini 2. veli palatini 1. mandibular nerve V3 2. ***_sensory innervation_*** 1. ***_from nasophalatine nerves + greater palatine nerves + lesser palatine nerves_*** 2. ***_all originate from the maxillary nerve V2_*** 2. blood supply 1. arteries 1. greater palatine artery 1. from the maxillary artery 1. from the external carotid 2. lesser palatine artery 1. from the ascending palatine artery 1. from the facial artery 1. from the external carotid 3. on the superior side, partly fro mthe ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery 2. venous

Question 53

describe the two main arteries involved in the palatine artery.

Answer 53

1. innervation 1. GSE innervation to the muscles of the soft palate 1. vagus nerve X 1. through the pharyngeal plexus except for the tensor veli palatini 2. veli palatini 1. mandibular nerve V3 2. sensory innervation 1. from nasophalatine nerves + greater palatine nerves + lesser palatine nerves 2. all originate from the maxillary nerveV2 2. blood supply 1. ***_arteries_*** 1. ***_greater palatine artery_*** 1. ***_from the maxillary artery_*** 1. ***_from the external carotid_*** 2. ***_lesser palatine artery_*** 1. ***_from the ascending palatine artery_*** 1. ***_from the facial artery_*** 1. ***_from the external carotid_*** 3. on the superior side, partly fro mthe ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery 2. venous

Question 54

the muscle of the soft palate receive blood supply from what arteries? They start with the external carotid?

Answer 54

1. innervation 1. GSE innervation to the muscles of the soft palate 1. vagus nerve X 1. through the pharyngeal plexus except for the tensor veli palatini 2. veli palatini 1. mandibular nerve V3 2. sensory innervation 1. from nasophalatine nerves + greater palatine nerves + lesser palatine nerves 2. all originate from the maxillary nerveV2 2. blood supply 1. ***_arteries_*** 1. ***_greater palatine artery_*** 1. ***_from the maxillary artery_*** 1. ***_from the external carotid_*** 2. ***_lesser palatine artery_*** 1. ***_from the ascending palatine artery_*** 1. ***_from the facial artery_*** 1. ***_from the external carotid_*** 3. on the superior side, partly fro mthe ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery 2. venous

Question 55

describe the pharynx.

Answer 55

1. ***_pharynx_*** 1. ***_common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system_*** 2. ***_content_*** 1. ***_musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage_*** 3. subdivision 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 2. oropharynx 1. lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue 2. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis 3. contents 1. palatoglossal 2. palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls 3. palatine tonsils between the folds 4. lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue 3. tonsils 1. palatine tonsils 1. occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed) 2. in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_* 1. folds are the pillars of the fauces 3. usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children 1. during surgical removal (tonsilectomy), heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur

Question 56

what are the subdivisions of the pharynx

Answer 56

1. pharynx 1. common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system 2. content 1. musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 3. ***_subdivision_*** 1. ***_nasopharynx_*** 2. ***_oropharynx_*** 3. ***_laryngopharynx_*** 2. oropharynx 1. lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue 2. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis 3. contents 1. palatoglossal 2. palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls 3. palatine tonsils between the folds 4. lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue 3. tonsils 1. palatine tonsils 1. occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed) 2. in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_* 1. folds are the pillars of the fauces 3. usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children 1. during surgical removal (tonsilectomy), heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur

Question 57

lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue. describe the extension.

Answer 57

1. pharynx 1. common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system 2. content 1. musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 3. subdivision 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 2. ***_oropharynx_*** 1. ***_lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue_*** 2. ***_extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis_*** 3. contents 1. palatoglossal 2. palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls 3. palatine tonsils between the folds 4. lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue 3. tonsils 1. palatine tonsils 1. occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed) 2. in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_* 1. folds are the pillars of the fauces 3. usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children 1. during surgical removal (tonsilectomy), heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur

Question 58

describe the contents of the oropharynx

Answer 58

1. pharynx 1. common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system 2. content 1. musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 3. subdivision 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 2. ***_oropharynx_*** 1. lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue 2. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis 3. ***_contents_*** 1. ***_palatoglossal_*** 2. ***_palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls_*** 3. ***_palatine tonsils between the folds_*** 4. ***_lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue_*** 3. tonsils 1. palatine tonsils 1. occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed) 2. in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_* 1. folds are the pillars of the fauces 3. usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children 1. during surgical removal (tonsilectomy), heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur

Question 59

what are the tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 59

1. pharynx 1. common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system 2. content 1. musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 3. subdivision 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 2. oropharynx 1. lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue 2. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis 3. contents 1. palatoglossal 2. palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls 3. palatine tonsils between the folds 4. ***_lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue_*** 3. tonsils 1. palatine tonsils 1. occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed) 2. in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_* 1. folds are the pillars of the fauces 3. usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children 1. during surgical removal (tonsilectomy), heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur

Question 60

in the lateral wall of the oropharynx.answer the following: 1. between? 2. what are the folds?

Answer 60

1. pharynx 1. common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system 2. content 1. musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 3. subdivision 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 2. oropharynx 1. lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue 2. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis 3. contents 1. palatoglossal 2. palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls 3. palatine tonsils between the folds 4. lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue 3. tonsils 1. **palatine tonsils** 1. **occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed)** 2. **in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_*** 1. **folds are the pillars of the fauces** 3. usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children 1. during surgical removal (tonsilectomy), heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur

Question 61

describe the palantine tonsils with age.

Answer 61

1. pharynx 1. common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system 2. content 1. musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 3. subdivision 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 2. oropharynx 1. lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue 2. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis 3. contents 1. palatoglossal 2. palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls 3. palatine tonsils between the folds 4. lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue 3. tonsils 1. palatine tonsils 1. occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed) 2. in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_* 1. folds are the pillars of the fauces 3. ***_usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children_*** 1. ***_during surgical removal (tonsilectomy),_*** heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur

Question 62

tonsilectomy can lead to injusry and heavy bleeding of what items?

Answer 62

1. pharynx 1. common chamber of the respiritory and digestive system 2. content 1. musculofibrous tube extending from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage 3. subdivision 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx 2. oropharynx 1. lies behind the oral cavity and dorsum of the tongue 2. extends from the soft palate to the upper border of the epiglottis 3. contents 1. palatoglossal 2. palatopharyngeal arches in its lateral walls 3. palatine tonsils between the folds 4. lingual tonsils on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue 3. tonsils 1. palatine tonsils 1. occupies the tonsillar fossa (tonsillar bed) 2. in the lateral wall of the oropharynx between the *_palatoglossal fold anteriorly_* and *_palatopharyngeal fold posteriorly_* 1. folds are the pillars of the fauces 3. ***_usually atrophy with age but often are a site of infections in children_*** 1. ***_during surgical removal (tonsilectomy), heavy bleeding from the tonsillar artery or paratonsillar vein or injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX may occur_***

Question 63

food or other foreign objects may become trapped in

Answer 63

food or other foreign objects may become trapped in ***_depressions in valleculae, between the tongue and epiglottis on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold_***.

Question 64

describe the location valleculae

Answer 64

food or other foreign objects may becomettrapped in depressions in valleculae, ***_between the tongue and epiglottis on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold._***

Question 65

describe the layers of the pharynx.

Answer 65

wall of the pharynx 1. contents 1. ***_four layers-from internal to external_*** 1. ***_mucous membrane_*** 1. ***_continuous with that lining the oral and nasal cavities, auditory tubes and larynx_*** 2. ***_submucosa_*** 3. ***_muscular layer_*** 4. ***_buccophryngeal fascia_*** 2. retropharyngeal space 1. behind the pharynx 3. disease 1. site of abcess formation 1. producing difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) 2. if the abscess ruptures the pharyngeal wall, it may enter the larynx and cause aspiration pneumonia 2. is a pathway for the spread of infection into the thorax, producing life-threatening mediastinitis

Question 66

what is the space behind the pharynx? What important pathologies are possible here?

Answer 66

wall of the pharynx 1. contents 1. four layers-from internal to external 1. mucous membrane 1. continuous with that lining the oral and nasal cavities, auditory tubes and larynx 2. submucosa 3. muscular layer 4. buccophryngeal fascia 2. ***_retropharyngeal space_*** 1. ***_behind the pharynx_*** 3. disease 1. ***_site of abcess formation_*** 1. producing difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) 2. if the abscess ruptures the pharyngeal wall, it may enter the larynx and cause aspiration pneumonia 2. ***_is a pathway for the spread of infection into the thorax, producing life-threatening mediastinitis_***

Question 67

what is the mucous membrane continuous with?

Answer 67

wall of the pharynx 1. contents 1. four layers-from internal to external 1. ***_mucous membrane_*** 1. ***_continuous with that lining the oral and nasal cavities, auditory tubes and larynx_*** 2. submucosa 3. muscular layer 4. buccophryngeal fascia 2. retropharyngeal space 1. behind the pharynx 3. disease 1. site of abcess formation 1. producing difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) 2. if the abscess ruptures the pharyngeal wall, it may enter the larynx and cause aspiration pneumonia 2. is a pathway for the spread of infection into the thorax, producing life-threatening mediastinitis

Question 68

describe the complications invovled in a patient with abscess formation in the retropharyngeal space.

Answer 68

wall of the pharynx 1. contents 1. four layers-from internal to external 1. mucous membrane 1. continuous with that lining the oral and nasal cavities, auditory tubes and larynx 2. submucosa 3. muscular layer 4. buccophryngeal fascia 2. retropharyngeal space 1. behind the pharynx 3. disease 1. ***_site of abcess formation_*** 1. ***_producing difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)_*** 2. ***_if the abscess ruptures the pharyngeal wall, it may enter the larynx and cause aspiration pneumonia_*** 2. is a pathway for the spread of infection into the thorax, producing life-threatening mediastinitis

Question 69

retropharyngeal space can be a space for what to spread?

Answer 69

wall of the pharynx 1. contents 1. four layers-from internal to external 1. mucous membrane 1. continuous with that lining the oral and nasal cavities, auditory tubes and larynx 2. submucosa 3. muscular layer 4. buccophryngeal fascia 2. retropharyngeal space 1. behind the pharynx 3. disease 1. site of abcess formation 1. producing difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) 2. if the abscess ruptures the pharyngeal wall, it may enter the larynx and cause aspiration pneumonia 2. ***_is a pathway for the spread of infection into the thorax, producing life-threatening mediastinitis_***

Question 70

list the the external circular layer of teh pharynx muscles

Answer 70

1. muscles of the pahrynx 1. ***_external circular layer_*** 1. ***_superior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. insert 1. into the base of the skull + median fibrous raphe 2. ***_middle pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. ovelap the superior constrictors above 3. ***_inferior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus 2. cricopharyngeus muscle 1. lower portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor 2. function 1. acts as the upper esophageal sphincter 2. relaxes for food to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus during swallowing 3. normally prevents food that is regurgitated into the esophagus past an incompettent lower esophageal sphincter from entering the pharynx 2. internal longitudinal layer 1. stylopharyngeus 1. passes between the superior and middle constrictors 2. salpingopharyngeus 1. descends from the auditory tube cartilage 3. palatopharyngeus 1. origin 1. in the soft palate 2. insert 1. with the stylopharyngeus into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall

Question 71

list the internal longitudinal layer of the pharynx

Answer 71

1. muscles of the pahrynx 1. external circular layer 1. superior pharyngeal constrictor 1. insert 1. into the base of the skull + median fibrous raphe 2. middle pharyngeal constrictor 1. ovelap the superior constrictors above 3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor 1. overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus 2. cricopharyngeus muscle 1. lower portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor 2. function 1. acts as the upper esophageal sphincter 2. relaxes for food to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus during swallowing 3. normally prevents food that is regurgitated into the esophagus past an incompettent lower esophageal sphincter from entering the pharynx 2. ***_internal longitudinal layer_*** 1. ***_stylopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_passes between the superior and middle constrictors_*** 2. ***_salpingopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_descends from the auditory tube cartilage_*** 3. ***_palatopharyngeus_*** 1. origin 1. in the soft palate 2. insert 1. with the stylopharyngeus into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall

Question 72

list the muscles with the following description with respect to the pharynx 1. ovelap the superior constrictors above 2. overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus 3. overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus 1. lower portion of this muscle 1. list the function of this muscle

Answer 72

1. muscles of the pahrynx 1. ***_external circular layer_*** 1. ***_superior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. ***_insert_*** 1. ***_into the base of the skull + median fibrous raphe_*** 2. ***_middle pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. ***_ovelap the superior constrictors above_*** 3. ***_inferior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. ***_overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus_*** 2. ***_cricopharyngeus muscle_*** 1. ***_lower portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 2. ***_function_*** 1. ***_acts as the upper esophageal sphincter_*** 2. ***_relaxes for food to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus during swallowing_*** 3. ***_normally prevents food that is regurgitated into the esophagus past an incompettent lower esophageal sphincter from entering the pharynx_*** 2. internal longitudinal layer 1. stylopharyngeus 1. passes between the superior and middle constrictors 2. salpingopharyngeus 1. descends from the auditory tube cartilage 3. palatopharyngeus 1. origin 1. in the soft palate 2. insert 1. with the stylopharyngeus into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall

Question 73

list the important details of the following muscles in the external circular layer 1. superior pharyngeal constrictor 2. middle pharyngeal constrictor 3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor 1. cricopharyngeus

Answer 73

1. muscles of the pahrynx 1. ***_external circular layer_*** 1. ***_superior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. ***_insert_*** 1. ***_into the base of the skull + median fibrous raphe_*** 2. ***_middle pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. ***_ovelap the superior constrictors above_*** 3. ***_inferior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 1. ***_overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus_*** 2. ***_cricopharyngeus muscle_*** 1. ***_lower portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor_*** 2. ***_function_*** 1. ***_acts as the upper esophageal sphincter_*** 2. ***_relaxes for food to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus during swallowing_*** 3. ***_normally prevents food that is regurgitated into the esophagus past an incompettent lower esophageal sphincter from entering the pharynx_*** 2. internal longitudinal layer 1. stylopharyngeus 1. passes between the superior and middle constrictors 2. salpingopharyngeus 1. descends from the auditory tube cartilage 3. palatopharyngeus 1. origin 1. in the soft palate 2. insert 1. with the stylopharyngeus into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall

Question 74

list the muscles of the internal longitudinal layer given the following detail 1. passes between the superior and middle constrictors 2. descends from the auditory tube cartilage 3. origin 1. in the soft palate 4. insert 1. with the stylopharyngeus into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall

Answer 74

1. muscles of the pahrynx 1. external circular layer 1. superior pharyngeal constrictor 1. insert 1. into the base of the skull + median fibrous raphe 2. middle pharyngeal constrictor 1. ovelap the superior constrictors above 3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor 1. overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus 2. cricopharyngeus muscle 1. lower portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor 2. function 1. acts as the upper esophageal sphincter 2. relaxes for food to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus during swallowing 3. normally prevents food that is regurgitated into the esophagus past an incompettent lower esophageal sphincter from entering the pharynx 2. ***_internal longitudinal layer_*** 1. ***_stylopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_passes between the superior and middle constrictors_*** 2. ***_salpingopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_descends from the auditory tube cartilage_*** 3. ***_palatopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_origin_*** 1. ***_in the soft palate_*** 2. ***_insert_*** 1. ***_with the stylopharyngeus into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall_***

Question 75

list the important detail of the internal longitudinal layer of the pharynx muscles 1. stylopharyngeus 2. salpingopharyngeus 3. palatopharyngeus

Answer 75

1. muscles of the pahrynx 1. external circular layer 1. superior pharyngeal constrictor 1. insert 1. into the base of the skull + median fibrous raphe 2. middle pharyngeal constrictor 1. ovelap the superior constrictors above 3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor 1. overlap the middle constrictors above and are continuous inferiorly with muscle of the esophagus 2. cricopharyngeus muscle 1. lower portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor 2. function 1. acts as the upper esophageal sphincter 2. relaxes for food to pass from the pharynx into the esophagus during swallowing 3. normally prevents food that is regurgitated into the esophagus past an incompettent lower esophageal sphincter from entering the pharynx 2. ***_internal longitudinal layer_*** 1. ***_stylopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_passes between the superior and middle constrictors_*** 2. ***_salpingopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_descends from the auditory tube cartilage_*** 3. ***_palatopharyngeus_*** 1. ***_origin_*** 1. ***_in the soft palate_*** 2. ***_insert_*** 1. ***_with the stylopharyngeus into the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall_***

Question 76

supply motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscles

Answer 76

pharynx innervation 1. ***_glossopharyngeal nerves CN IX_*** 1. ***_supply motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscles_*** 2. pharyngeal plexus 1. nerves formed by branches of the 1. sensory - green 1. glossopharyngeal nerves 2. motor - pink 1. vagus CN X 2. motor to all of the musclse except the stylopharyngeus 3. vasomotor - blue 1. superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

Question 77

describe the pharyngeal plexus contributions

Answer 77

pharynx innervation 1. glossopharyngeal nerves CN IX 1. supply motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus muscles 2. ***_pharyngeal plexus_*** 1. ***_nerves formed by branches of the_*** 1. ***_sensory - green_*** 1. ***_glossopharyngeal nerves_*** 2. ***_motor - pink_*** 1. ***_vagus CN X_*** 2. ***_motor to all of the musclse except the stylopharyngeus_*** 3. ***_vasomotor - blue_*** 1. ***_superior cervical sympathetic ganglion_***

Question 78

describe the epiglottis movement.

Answer 78

epiglottic cartilage 1. covered by mucous membrane to form the epiglottis 2. ***_pushed back and down over the laryngeal inlet and the vocal folds are adducted to prevent the entrance of food or drink into the larynx and trachea during swallowing_***

Question 79

describe the three phases of deglitition.

Answer 79

deglutition (swallowing) 1. process that transfers a food bolus from the mouth through pharynx and esophagus into the stomach. solid food is masticated (chewed) and mixed with saliva to form a soft bolus that is easier to swallow. 2. ***_3 stages_*** 1. ***_stage 1- voluntary_*** 1. ***_bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth in to the oropharynx, mainly by the coordinated movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate(ORAL PHASE)_*** 2. ***_stage 2-involuntary and rapid_*** 1. ***_soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from tthe ororpharynx and laryngopharynx._*** 2. ***_the pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the suprahyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx (PHARYNGEAL PHASE)_*** 3. ***_Stage 3-involuntary_*** 1. ***_sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferioly into the esophagus and propelled by persistalsis into the stomach (ESOPHAGEAL PHASE)_*** 3. Disease 1. Dysphagia 1. difficulty swallowing 2. usually caused by nerve or muscle problems 3. may occur after 1. a stroke 2. throat and mouth cancer 3. GERD 4. several different neurological disorders

Question 80

which phase of deglutition is described below? bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth in to the oropharynx, mainly by the coordinated movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate

Answer 80

deglutition (swallowing) 1. process that transfers a food bolus from the mouth through pharynx and esophagus into the stomach. solid food is masticated (chewed) and mixed with saliva to form a soft bolus that is easier to swallow. 2. 3 stages 1. ***_stage 1- voluntary_*** 1. ***_bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth in to the oropharynx, mainly by the coordinated movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate(ORAL PHASE)_*** 2. stage 2-involuntary and rapid 1. soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from tthe ororpharynx and laryngopharynx. 2. the pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the suprahyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx (PHARYNGEAL PHASE) 3. Stage 3-involuntary 1. sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferioly into the esophagus and propelled by persistalsis into the stomach (ESOPHAGEAL PHASE) 3. Disease 1. Dysphagia 1. difficulty swallowing 2. usually caused by nerve or muscle problems 3. may occur after 1. a stroke 2. throat and mouth cancer 3. GERD 4. several different neurological disorders

Question 81

which phase of deglutition is described below? 1. soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from tthe ororpharynx and laryngopharynx. 2. the pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the suprahyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx

Answer 81

deglutition (swallowing) 1. process that transfers a food bolus from the mouth through pharynx and esophagus into the stomach. solid food is masticated (chewed) and mixed with saliva to form a soft bolus that is easier to swallow. 2. 3 stages 1. stage 1- voluntary 1. bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth in to the oropharynx, mainly by the coordinated movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate(ORAL PHASE) 2. ***_stage 2-involuntary and rapid_*** 1. ***_soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from tthe ororpharynx and laryngopharynx._*** 2. ***_the pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the suprahyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx (PHARYNGEAL PHASE)_*** 3. Stage 3-involuntary 1. sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferioly into the esophagus and propelled by persistalsis into the stomach (ESOPHAGEAL PHASE) 3. Disease 1. Dysphagia 1. difficulty swallowing 2. usually caused by nerve or muscle problems 3. may occur after 1. a stroke 2. throat and mouth cancer 3. GERD 4. several different neurological disorders

Question 82

Which phase of deglutition is described below? sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferioly into the esophagus and propelled by persistalsis into the stomach

Answer 82

deglutition (swallowing) 1. process that transfers a food bolus from the mouth through pharynx and esophagus into the stomach. solid food is masticated (chewed) and mixed with saliva to form a soft bolus that is easier to swallow. 2. 3 stages 1. stage 1- voluntary 1. bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth in to the oropharynx, mainly by the coordinated movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate(ORAL PHASE) 2. stage 2-involuntary and rapid 1. soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from tthe ororpharynx and laryngopharynx. 2. the pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the suprahyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx (PHARYNGEAL PHASE) 3. ***_Stage 3-involuntary_*** 1. ***_sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferioly into the esophagus and propelled by persistalsis into the stomach (ESOPHAGEAL PHASE)_*** 3. Disease 1. Dysphagia 1. difficulty swallowing 2. usually caused by nerve or muscle problems 3. may occur after 1. a stroke 2. throat and mouth cancer 3. GERD 4. several different neurological disorders

Question 83

What is the an issue accompanied with the following implications 1. a stroke 2. throat and mouth cancer 3. GERD 4. several different neurological disorders

Answer 83

deglutition (swallowing) 1. process that transfers a food bolus from the mouth through pharynx and esophagus into the stomach. solid food is masticated (chewed) and mixed with saliva to form a soft bolus that is easier to swallow. 2. 3 stages 1. stage 1- voluntary 1. bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth in to the oropharynx, mainly by the coordinated movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate(ORAL PHASE) 2. stage 2-involuntary and rapid 1. soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from tthe ororpharynx and laryngopharynx. 2. the pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the suprahyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx (PHARYNGEAL PHASE) 3. ***_Stage 3-involuntary_*** 1. ***_sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferioly into the esophagus and propelled by persistalsis into the stomach (ESOPHAGEAL PHASE)_*** 3. Disease 1. ***_Dysphagia_*** 1. ***_difficulty swallowing_*** 2. ***_usually caused by nerve or muscle problems_*** 3. ***_may occur after_*** 1. ***_a stroke_*** 2. ***_throat and mouth cancer_*** 3. ***_GERD_*** 4. ***_several different neurological disorders_***

Question 84

discuss some issue that may lead to dysphagia

Answer 84

deglutition (swallowing) 1. process that transfers a food bolus from the mouth through pharynx and esophagus into the stomach. solid food is masticated (chewed) and mixed with saliva to form a soft bolus that is easier to swallow. 2. 3 stages 1. stage 1- voluntary 1. bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth in to the oropharynx, mainly by the coordinated movements of muscles of the tongue and soft palate(ORAL PHASE) 2. stage 2-involuntary and rapid 1. soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx from tthe ororpharynx and laryngopharynx. 2. the pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus as the suprahyoid muscles and the longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating larynx (PHARYNGEAL PHASE) 3. ***_Stage 3-involuntary_*** 1. ***_sequential contraction of all 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferioly into the esophagus and propelled by persistalsis into the stomach (ESOPHAGEAL PHASE)_*** 3. ***_Disease_*** 1. ***_Dysphagia_*** 1. ***_difficulty swallowing_*** 2. ***_usually caused by nerve or muscle problems_*** 3. ***_may occur after_*** 1. ***_a stroke_*** 2. ***_throat and mouth cancer_*** 3. ***_GERD_*** 4. ***_several different neurological disorders_***