ORAL EXAM Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
Is guessing considered science?
A
Yes, partly. guessing is considered scientific if it’s only followed by an experimentation.
2
Q
Is science considered guessing?
A
No, science is not considered guessing alone, we have other factors that we need to consider such as scientific method.
3
Q
In science, propositions are verifiable. Why?
A
No concept in Science is absolutely true, it can be verified (confirmed) by succeeding experimentation. It means that not because it was stated by a scientist doesn’t mean it’s absolutely true or when you conduct experiments.
4
Q
In Science, propositions are falsifiable. Why?
A
its still scientific, it’s just that previous scientists made certain errors. it’s just that it’s falsified because their theory is now corrected by current scientists.
5
Q
give an example of falsified theory and is now corrected by current scientists.
A
aristotle think heavier objects fall faster—he provided evidences but there are limiting patterns and there are things he did not know about (air friction is the one that actually affects the objects because of the surface area)
6
Q
Biology is the study of ________
A
life and living organisms
7
Q
How did life begin?
A
Divine Creation and Philippine Mythology: Malakas at Maganda
8
Q
What does Divine Creation mean?
A
all living organisms are created by an entity — God
9
Q
TRUE OR FALSE. divine creation is not proven but testified by the book of Exodus. If FALSE, whats the correct book?
A
The book of Genesis
10
Q
What is the mythology ‘Malakas and Maganda’ all about?
A
a specific bird struck the bamboo stem and Malakas and Maganda came out.
11
Q
Abiogenesis is also called ________________.
A
Spontaneous generation
12
Q
Define Spontaneous generation
A
This tells that life exists from non living or inanimate objects. This idea focuses on that living things come from nonliving things.
13
Q
How many years did people believed abiogenesis?
A
2000 years
14
Q
Define Biogenesis.
A
It is the development of life from pre existing life.
15
Q
The Fight of the Century which should be RATHER called as The Fight of __________
A
Millennia
16
Q
Who are the scientists who verified abiogenesis?
A
Aristotle
Jan Baptist Van Helmont
John Needham
17
Q
Who are the scientists who verified biogenesis?
A
Francesco Redi
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Louis Pasteur
18
Q
What BC did Aristotle existed?
A
300 BC
19
Q
He is the first person who documented and confirmed that life came from non-living things.
A
Aristotle
20
Q
Slime =
Sand =
Hollow of Rocks =
A
Oysters, Scallops, Limpets/Barnacles
21
Q
He said that “life arose from nonliving material if the material contained pneuma”
A
Aristotle
22
Q
Pneuma means ________?
A
Heat
23
Q
What year did Jan Baptist Van Helmont did he conducted his experiment?
A
1634
24
Q
What plant did Jan planted?
A
willow twig
25
“Although I thought that the plant’s growth comes from the soil, I realized that the plant's growth comes from the ______.”
Water
26
Helmont wasn’t aware about the process of ___________ during this time but he kind of tried to triggered the idea of ______________
Photosynthesis
27
What year did John Needham conducted his experiment?
1745
28
broth heated > __________ > wait > microbial growth
flask open
29
“New ________ must have arisen spontaneously.”
microbes
30
TRUE OR FALSE. Francesco Redi conducted his experiment in the year 1668.
True
31
He was born to be ready
Francesco Redi
32
How did Redi conducted his experiment?
Redi conducted, open container, cork-sealed container, gauze-covered container.
33
The only reason why maggots appear is because they have _______________ with the meat.
direct and physical contact
34
“Maggots could only form when flies were allowed to lay eggs in the meat, and that the maggots were the offspring of files, not the product of spontaneous generation,” Did Redi verified or falsified?
He falsified
35
He is known as an "imitator" as he did almost the same experiment as John Needham.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
36
What year did Spallanzani conducted experimentation?
1768
37
broth heated > flask sealed > wait > _______
no growth
38
“Heated but sealed flasks remained clear, without any signs of spontaneous growth, unless the flasks were subsequently opened to the air. This suggested that microbes introduced these flasks from the air,” Did Lazzaro verified?
No, he falsified.
39
He is known as someone who preserves wines in Europe.
Louis Pasteur
40
What year did Louis Pasteur conducted his experiment?
1858
41
How many setups did Pasteur did?
2 setups
42
What did Pasteur did in the 1st setup?
He made sure that it’s open but he also made it difficult for the microorganisms outside to get in, that’s why he made a swan flask–so the wind won’t thoroughly get inside the flask.
43
In the 2nd setup?
he tried to break the neck of the swan flask, he found out that the bacteria reached the sterile broth which clearly gives him the idea that people who antagonized Aristotle’s idea are correct.
44
Name the 3 Evidences of Origin of Life
1. Geologic evidences
2. Chemical evidences
3. Molecular evidences
45
first organism and "earliest fossils that we had"
Stromatolites
46
according to scientists and paleontologists, stromatolites existed during at the last stage of _________ and early stage of ________
Hadean Era, Archean Era
47
Stromatolites produces oxygen because they are __________?
photosynthetic
48
Are organic materials present in the Hadean Era?
No, there was none.
49
Inorganic and organic molecules that existed during the Hadean time:
1. Nitrogen
2. Ammonia
3. Methane
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Water
6. Hydrogen Gas
50
Is there an interaction of inorganic and organic molecules such as water and nitrogen? If yes, elaborate.
Yes, there was an interaction because of the tremendous energy source which is lightning.
51
The idea of Primordial Soup is made by ___________.
Alexander Oparin
52
The idea of Primordial Soup leads up to the production and formation of _________
amino acid
53
amino acid > ___________ > organisms ("_________")
biomolecules, organisms
54
What does Sophia do that makes it seem human?
speaking and facial expressions
55
Why can’t we not considered Sophia as a living organism?
because she can’t reproduce in terms of cell growth.
56
Name the Characteristics of Living Organisms (orderly)
1. made of cells
2. can reproduce
3. grow and develop
4. metabolize
5. perform homeostasis
6. respond to stimulus
7. adapt through evolution
8. move
57
cell > ______ > organ > organ system > __________
tissue, organism
58
cells must be __________ in forms and shapes
varying
59
give examples of varying
unicellular (e.g. amoeba) and multicellular organisms (e.g. humans)
60
tissues are ________ of cells look alike and perform the same function/goal.
group
61
if you combine different tissues with different functions, we call them _______.
organs
62
if these organs (e.g. stomach, large intestine) are connected and they perform the same function, we call it an ________________
organ system
63
and when these organ systems are connected to one another to perform one specific function and that function is to strive and make the organism live longer, we create an __________
organism
64
_____ are the building blocks of life
cells
65
Name the 6 Kingdoms of Cells
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia
66
What kingdom does humans belong to?
Animalia
67
all grade 11 in PH (_______) > Grade 11 UST, ADMU, DLSU SHS (_______) > HUMSS, STEM, HA (_____)
Kingdom, Phylum, Class
68
reproduction does not just refer to producing another organism but also refers to producing cells for _________.
regeneration
69
What are the two types of Reproduction?
Asexual and Sexual
70
Name the characteristics of Asexual
- involves one parent
- off-springs are genetically identical to parent
- involves regular body cells
- its quick
71
Give examples of Asexual Reproduction
bacteria, fragmentation, binary fission
72
Name the characteristics of Sexual
- involves two parents
- off-springs are genetically mixed
- involves regular specialized cells (e.g. sperm and egg cells)
- its slow
73
Give examples of Sexual Reproduction
humans, flowering plants and mammal
74
Why is reproduction important for living organisms?
Because if a particular organism stops reproduction, it will lead to extinction.
75
Whats the difference between extant and extinct?
Extant are organisms that are still thriving while Extinct are organisms that are not existing anymore
76
increase in all parts of the body brought by increasing tissue, cohort in cell division, cell enlargement which means GROWTH IN SIZE.
growth
77
it is defined as stages in an organism's lifestyle which is accompanied by CHANGES.
develop
78
Give an example of development
from becoming in a fetal stage to growing physically, mentally, emotionally and psychologically.
79
Why does bacteria develop but doesn’t grow?
Bacteria grow but not significantly because their DNA is encoded as microorganisms.
80
it refers to the gathering by using the energy.
Metabolize
81
Name the 2 types of Metabolism
Anabolism and Catabolism
82
it builds larger molecules (GIVE AN EXAMPLE)
Anabolism, photosynthesis
83
it breaks down molecules from bigger to smaller (GIVE AN EXAMPLE)
Catabolism, cellular respiration
84
Why is Metabolism important?
it is important for nutrient uptake, processing waste elimination, digestion of materials and using these nutrients to produce energy.
85
Two words for performing homeostasis
keeps balance
86
The environment cannot be controlled. If it's warm, it's warm. Our body automatically responds to this ________ environment and changes and our body tries to cope up with that by keeping the balance through homeostasis.
external
87
What does the body produce that protects as from bacteria and viruses in the blood?
antibodies
88
these are responses that we are not capable of controlling.
autonomic response
89
give examples of autonomic response
insulin level, beating of heart, digestion of small intestine, respiratory rate, urination
90
these are things that in the environment that makes us react.
Responding to stimulus
91
humans have a _____ reaction to different stimulus because we have different ______ in the body.
reflex, preceptors
92
_______ is the ability of the organism to make an adjustment to changes in the environment over a long period of time.
Evolution
93
give an example of evolution
some people have wisdom teeth and people don’t have anymore, one vestigial organ that serves as evidence that we are trying to evolve already.
94
According to __________, "it is the fittest organism that survives in an environment and not the strongest. You may be the strongest, but you are not the fittest in a particular environment, you will not survive."
Charles Darwin
95
These are synonymous characteristics of organisms in homologous structures because they were inherited from one common ancestor.
Homology
96
Give examples of Homology
limbs of human arms and limbs of bat wing
97
They have almost the same features but they come from unrelated organisms.
Analogy
98
Give examples of Analogy
e.g. butterfly wing and bird wing
99
it is the quality or state of being motile
Motility/Move (the capability of movement)
100
in what year and who invented the first microscope?
1625, galileo galilei
101
What is the difference between discovered and invented?
Discovered is when the phenomena is already existing but you just found out.
Invented is when you’re the one who came up with that.
102
Who are the three contributors to cell theory?
Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwann, Rudolf Virchow
103
In ____, Matthias concluded that ________________
1838, all plants are made up of cells
104
In ____, Theodore concluded that _____________
1839, all animals are made up of cells
105
In _____, Rudolf concluded that ____________-
1855, all cells are made up of pre-existing cells
106
State the 3 Statements of cell theory
1. all living things are made up of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
3. new cells arise from existing cells (emphasized by Louis Pasteur
107
What is the MAIN function of the cell?
to produce proteins
108
to produce proteins:
1. structure and support
2. growth
3. transport
4. energy production
5. metabolism
109
give examples of structure and support
melanin and keratin
110
give examples of energy production
enzymes
111
give examples of metabolism
our body is 70% water and 16% proteins = 86 and the 14% is the distribution of proteins to different parts of the body
112
What are the 2 types of cells
Prokaryote and Eukaryote
113
State the characteristics of prokaryote
- it has no organelles
- DNA is naked and circular
- has ribosomes
- has cell membrane and cytoplasm
114
State the characteristic of eukaryote
- it has organelles
- DNA is bound to protein and is linear
- has ribosomes
- has cell membrane and cytoplasm
115
What are the 3 domains of cells
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
116
How many domain in prokaryote and kingdom?
2 domain and 1 kingdom each
117
Name and define the 2 domain of prokaryote and their kingdom
archaea > archaebacteria
- archaebacteria are types of living organisms who lives in an extreme environment (e.g. extremely hot, extremely cold, extremely acidic- acidophiles and extremely salin)
bacteria > eubacteria ("true bacteria")
- it is ubiquitous which means they are everywhere
- bacteria is already plural, bacterium is the singular form
118
How many domain is present in Eukaryote and how many kingdom?
1 Domain and 4 kingdom under it
119
Name and define the 2 domain of eukaryote and their kingdom
Eukarya
protista (unicellular organisms) e.g. amoeba
fungi (can be uni/multicellular organisms) e.g. mushrooms and yeast
plantae (plants)
animalia (humans are the highest the form of this kingdom)
120
Name the 3 main parts of the eukaryotic cells
cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
121
TRUE OR FALSE: cytoplasm is liquid, if false, what is the right definition of it?
FALSE, it is the space inside the cell where the liquid, cytosol, is present.
122
it is known as the double membrane or two membrane bounded
organelles
123
Organelles; two membranes
_________; single membrane
Ribosomes
124
Are ribosomes organelles?
No, they are not organelles.
125
what are the 2 structures of external cell structures?
flagella and cilia
126
propeller like motion e.g. bacteria
flagella
127
back and forth beating e.g. paramecium
cilia
128
flagella and cilia are both ___________ and made up of _________
microtubules and made up of proteins
129
Are flagella and cilia organelles?
No, they are not organelles.
130
Name and define the types of flagellar arrangement
Polar/Monotrichous - single flagellum at one pole
Lophotrichous - tuft of flagella at one pole
Amphitrichous - flagella at both poles
Peritrichous - flagella all over
Amphilophotrichous - tuft of flagella at both ends
131
it is a fluid mosaic model
Cell membrane
132
cell membrane is also called _____________.
plasma membrane
133
what does the cell membrane do?
- encloses cell contents
134
What does semi-permeable means?
it is a kind of membrane that do not allow everything to get inside or outside the cell.
135
Why is cell membrane called mosaic?
- cell membrane shows fluidity because it is made up of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterols
136
- flexible structure
cell membrane is mosaic
137
We call cell membrane as phospholipid bilayer because it is made up of ___ phospholipid
two
138
hydrophilic; water loving; _____
_________; __________; down
up
hydrophobic, water hating/fearing
139
Phospholipid bilayer is very strict because it only allows specific things/limited type of molecules:
1. uncharged molecules
2. very small molecules
140
give examples of uncharged molecules and very small molecules
carbon dioxide and oxygen
141
TRUE OR FALSE: all cells have cell walls
FALSE
142
Water cannot get inside the cell through phospholipid bilayer because water is _______.
CHARGED
143
How does water enter considering that water is charged and phospholipids only allow uncharged molecules?
water molecules can enter because of a specific protein—aquaporin
144
what is aquaporin?
a type of protein found in the cell membrane that allows the entry of water molecules
145
TRUE OR FALSE: although cholesterol has a negative notion—molecularly speaking, it is still important in cell membranes.
TRUE
146
what does the cell membrane do?
it holds the phospholipid bilayer together so if it’s exposed to the heat, it doesn't tear apart easily.
147
What happens in Diffusion?
- molecules with high concentration and then sooner or later, the molecules will randomly scatter to reach equilibrium until the color of whole liquid itself is the same.
148
give example of diffusion
solute and smell of perfume
149
What are the two types of cell transport?
Passive and Active
150
state the characteristics of passive.
- the movement from high to low concentration
- does not require an energy
151
state the characteristics of active.
- movement from low to high concentration
- requires a huge amount of energy
152
what cell transport is diffusion and osmosis under?
passive
153
in active transport it is:
protein and energy resisted and bulk transport
154
what are the two types of bulk transport
endocytosis
- phagocytosis, pinocytosis
exocytosis
155
What does bulk mean?
Bulk means the mass or magnitude of something large.
156
Why do we call it bulk transport?
Bulk transport has a special treatment because it uses cell membrane
157
ENDOcytosis means _____
enter
158
what happens in endocytosis?
the molecules enter the cell
159
“to devour” (cell eating)
phagocytosis
160
"to drink" (cell drinking)
pinocytosis
161
attached to the receptor proteins and once it gets in, it will form a vesicle
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
162
EXOcytosis means ______
exit
163
random movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration
diffusion
164
movement of a solvent across a semipermeable membrane toward a higher concentration of solute
osmosis
165
to reach equilibrium, the water from the inside will get outside. the cell will plasmolyze, it will ____, which we call a ___________ solution.
Hypertonic, shrink, hypertonic
166
the water outside is high and solvent will move inside and the cell will expand.
hypotonic
167
both concentration are equal/equilibrium situation—no movement
isotonic
168
Mother puts salt on fish to remove water since there is a high concentration of solute inside the environment of the fish’ cell, the water will get out.
What cell tonicity is this?
isotonic
169
"just water"
osmosis
170
"everything BUT water"
diffusion
171
"assisted by protein"
facilitated diffusion
172
molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers.
facilitated diffusion
173
What are 3 things that the cytoplasm do?
1. water and nutrients
2. removes waste material
3. helps in cell respiration
174
Ribosomes are responsible for:
protein synthesis and receiving the messenger RNA sequence and translating that genetic code into a specific string of amino acids (building blocks of proteins).
175
Why is the nucleus an organelle?
he nucleus is an organelle because it is surrounded by two membranes which we call a nuclear envelope.
176
control center of the cell
nucleus
177
stores “DNA” (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- make cell THEORYS
- uses DNA to make LAWS
TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE but it makes cell LAWS
178
what holds the DNA to Chromosomes?
chromatin
179
Before cell division, chromatin is called _________ because it is coiled.
chromosomes
180
mixes our RNA
Nucleolus (fabricator)
181
mRNA (messenger RNA) produces ______
ribosomes
182
What are the 5 things that endoplasmic reticulum or ER do?
- carry materials around
- systems of folded tube-like structures
- folds proteins
- transport proteins
- site of ribosomes
183
Name the 2 types of ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
184
name the characteristics of rough ER
- it looks rough because it contains ribosomes
- flattened sheets
- ribosomes attached
- protein
- a site for photosynthesis
185
name the characteristics of smooth ER
- tubular
- factory - warehouse (oil)
- enzymes > lipids
- cell detox
- detoxifies poison and drugs
- stores ion
186
"_______ is our shopee"
golgi
187
protein processing and packaging
and sends product out
golgi apparatus
188
why is golgi apparatus connected to the rough ER?
because what the Rough ER and Smooth ER manufactures, directly goes to golgi apparatus to package them and sends them to inside and outside of the cell through vesicles.
189
is mitochondria an organelle
yes
190
powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
191
why is mitochondria called powerhouse of the cell?
because it convert sugars/glucose to energy in the form of atp or adenosine triphosphate
192
________ is mitochondria’s helping hand
cytoplasm
193
name the 3 characteristics of lysosomes?
- cell digestion
- enzyme sacks
- cell waste > building material
194
lysosomes acts as:
a waste disposal system, it involves secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling and energy metabolism
195
is centrosomes organelle?
no
196
set of microtubules
centrosomes
197
how many centrioles does the animal cell contains?
2
198
TRUE OR FALSE: centrioles makes up centrosomes and act as anchors that microtubules attach during cell division
true
199
define vesicles
phospholipid membranes and ship golgi body products
