Oral Medicine Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
In Kilcoyne’s 2014 study, “Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010),” what was the most commonly cultured bacterial species?
A
Fusobacterium sp
2
Q
According to Kilcoyne’s 2014 study, “Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010),” which salivary gland is most commonly affected by disease?
A
Parotid salivary gland
3
Q
According to Kilcoyne’s 2014 study, “Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010),” what factors contribute to the development of sialoadenitis in the horse?
A
Sialoliths and dental abnormalities (oral trauma and bacterial colonization such as secondary to sharp enamel overgrowths or crown fracture with feed packing)
4
Q
According to the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what were the respective attenuation values of melanomas versus the adjacent masseter muscle?
A
113.5 HU vs. 69 HU
5
Q
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what was the attenuation of melanomas in comparison to the adjacent masseter muscle?
A
All (216) melanomas were hyperattenuating compared to masseter musculature
6
Q
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what percentage of masses contained hypoattenuating areas at what median attenuation value?
A
19.4% (41/216)
45.1 HU
7
Q
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” what percentage of masses contained mineralized areas at what median attenuation value?
A
25.9% (56/216)
326 HU
8
Q
In the 2015 study by Dixon et al., “Computed tomographic appearance of melanomas in the equine head: 13 cases,” describe the type of mineralization seen on histological exam of melanomas of the head.
A
Dystrophic mineralization
9
Q
In the figure below of a decalcified transverse section through EOTRH affected incisor from Hole’s 2016 review article: Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis what structure is the red arrow head
pointing to?
A
Howship’s lacunae (arrow heads)- resorption cavities containing multinucleate odontoclasts (arrows)
10
Q
As stated in Nicholls 2016 VCNA Chapter, what % of geriatric animals have documented dental abnormalities?
VCNA 2016
A
95.4%
11
Q
What geriatric dental disorder is noted here once the food has been removed from the incisors?
VNCA 2016
A
Senile diastamata
12
Q
In the paper cited in the 2016 VCNA Nicholls chapter, what were the reported prevalence of sharp enamel points, periodontal disease and cheek teeth diastemata in horses >15 years old?
Ireland JL, Clegg PD, McGowan CM, et al. Disease prevalence in geriatric horses in the United Kingdom: veterinary clinical assessment of 200 cases. Equine Vet J
2012;44:101–6.
A
mandibular lingual enamel points (64%), maxillary buccal enamel points (51%), periodontal disease (42.9%), and cheek teeth diastemata (41.9%)
13
Q
In the study cited in 2016 VCNA Nicholls chapter, what was the relative prevalence of cheek teeth diastemata, periodontal disease , and smooth mouth in horses > 30 years old?
Ireland JL, McGowan CM, Clegg PD, et al. A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older. Vet J 2012;192:57–64.
A
> 70%
cheek teeth diastemata
(78.7%), periodontal disease (75%), and smooth mouth (71.7%) t
14
Q
In Kern’s 2016 study “Bacteraemia before, during and after tooth extraction in horses in the absence of antimicrobial administration,” what percent of horses developed positive blood cultures at one or more time points during the study?
EVJ 2016
A
90% (18/20 horses)
15
Q
In Kern’s 2016 study “Bacteraemia before, during and after tooth extraction in horses in the absence of antimicrobial administration,” what were the four most commonly isolated bacterial genera?
EVJ 2016
A
Streptococcus spp.
Actinomyces spp.
Fusobacterium spp.
Prevotella spp.
16
Q
In Kern’s 2016 study “Bacteraemia before, during and after tooth extraction in horses in the absence of antimicrobial administration,” what surgical step was most commonly associated with the presence of bacteremia?
EVJ 2016
A
Elevation of the gingiva
17
Q
In Earley’s 2017 study “Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis,” what was the most consistent abnormality on the CBC and chemistry profiles?
JVD 2017, Issue 3, Rawlinson
A
Hypoalbuminemia 88%
mild
18
Q
In Earley’s 2017 study “Hematologic, Biochemical, and Endocrine Parameters in Horses With Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis,” what endocrine parameter was of note?
JVD 2017, Issue 3, Rawlinson
A
parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration increased in 7/15 horses (47%)
Authors speculated that elevations in PTH could be reflective of mild nutrional secondary hyperparathyroidism and that if the concentrate feeds fed to older horses with oral pain from EOTRH contain elevated amounts of calcium chelators that could cause NSH
19
Q
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” what was the cited critical pH at which demineralization of cementum vs dentin and enamel will occur?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
A
Cementum 6.7
Dentin 6.2
Enamel 5.5
20
Q
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” peripheral caries were present in what percent of horses and most commonly in what teeth?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
A
58.8% horses examined
molars most commonly
21
Q
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” feed accumulation between teeth was present in horses without or with significant gingival recession respectively?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
A
Without sig gingival recession 52.8%
With gingival recession 39.8%
22
Q
In Jackson’s 2019 paper “Peripheral caries and disease of the periodontium in Western Australian horses: an epidemiological, anatomical and histopathological assessment,” what factors were stat sig associated with interdental feed accumulation, and what arcades were sig more likely to have interdental feed accumulation and peripheral caries?
EVJ 2019, Staszyk
A
Peripheral caries, horse’s age, presence of displaced teeth, diastemata
Mandibular
23
Q
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Histological Evaluation,” what do A, B, C, and D in this image represent?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
A
A. Oral epithelium
B. Sulcular epithelium
C. Junctional epithelium
D. Lamina propria
24
Q
In Steinfort’s 2019 paper “The Equine Gingiva: A Histological Evaluation,” what was the gingival sulcus depth range and average depth?
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
A
0.1-2.7mm
average depth 0.8mm
25
In Steinfort's 2019 paper "The Equine Gingiva: A Histological Evaluation," were differences seen in the gingiva based on tooth type, upper and lower jaw, different locations around the tooth or between human/dog and equine gingiva?
## Footnote
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
No
26
In Steinfort's 2019 paper "The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation," what percent of cases had a sulcus depth of less than 1mm?
## Footnote
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
90%
## Footnote
Authors suggest that the equine sulcus depth should be described as < 1mm
27
In Steinfort's 2019 paper "The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation," periodontal pockets occurred significantly more in which teeth and with what factor?
## Footnote
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
Sig more in cheek teeth than incisors
Occurence of PPs in cheek teeth increased significantly with age
28
In Steinfort's 2019 paper "The Equine Gingiva: A Gross Anatomical Evaluation," what percent of diastemata were found between cheek teeth and were upper or lower cheek teeth diastemata most prevalent?
## Footnote
Staszyk Frontiers 2019
89% diastemata between cheek teeth
Most in upper cheek teeth
29
In Birmingham's 2019 study "The Effect of Sedation, Oral Examination, and Odontoplasty on Systemic Inflammation as Measured by Serum Amyloid A in the Adult Performance Horse," what was the main conclusion?
## Footnote
JVD 2019 issue 3
Results of study showed that sedation, oral exam and odontoplasty had no effect on systemic inflammation as measured by SAA in the adult performance horse
## Footnote
Blood collected from jugular vein before sedation and 48 and 72 hours after exam and float
30
In Kennedy's 2016 paper "The microbiome associated with equine periodontitis and oral health" what bacterial genera dominated the periodonitis horses and control horses respectively?
## Footnote
Vet Research 2016
The periodontitis group was dominated by the genera Prevotella and Veillonella.
Healthy group was dominated by the genera Gemella and Actinobacillus
31
In Borkent's 2019 study "A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing" what was the most common genus associated with the healthy samples vs the peripheral caries samples?
## Footnote
EVJ 2019
Streptococcus species was the genus most commonly associated with equine PC
Gemella species was the genus most associated with the control group.
## Footnote
Corynebacterium also associated with control
32
In Borkent's 2019 study "A microbiome analysis of equine peripheral dental caries using next generation sequencing" what was the most common genus associated with rostral vs caudal peripheral caries?
## Footnote
EVJ 2019
Veillonella species was the most commonly associated genus with PC of the rostral cheek teeth
Streptococcus species was the most associated genus with the PC of caudal cheek teeth
33
In Nottle's multicenter study "Fibro-Osseous Lesions Of The Craniofacial Complex In Horses: 30 Cases (2001-2019)" what are the three main diagnoses in the complex, and how many were diagnosed of each?
## Footnote
Vet Surg 2021
Ossifying fibroma in 20/30 (67%) horses
Osteoma in 8/30 (27%) horses
Fibrous dysplasia 2/30 (6%) horses.
34
In Nottle's multicenter study "Fibro-Osseous Lesions Of The Craniofacial Complex In Horses: 30 Cases (2001-2019)" was there a trend for signalment of horse and location of lesion?
## Footnote
Vet Surg 2021
12/30 lesions were diagnosed in horses <1 year old.
20/30 lesions originated from the rostral mandible
## Footnote
Median age 2 yrs (4mo-21yo)
Other sites were maxilla or paranasal sinuses
35
In Nottle's multicenter study "Fibro-Osseous Lesions Of The Craniofacial Complex In Horses: 30 Cases (2001-2019)" what were the outcomes reported?
## Footnote
Vet Surg 2021
Recurrence was not reported after complete excision.
Incomplete excision was confirmed in 8 horses -- 4 ossifying fibromas, 3 osteomas, 1 fibrous dysplasia
Recurrence occurred in one horse, while six horses had long-term resolution of clinical signs.
36
In Kunz' 2020 study "High Prevalence of Orodental Disorders in South Brazilian Cart Horses: Walking a Tightrope Between Animal Welfare and Socioeconomic Inevitability", what was the prevalence of diastemas, and what Triadan position were they most associated with? What were other common patholgogy noted?
## Footnote
JVD 2020 issue 3
Cheek tooth diastemata 66%
Diastemata were more likely to be present between Maxillary and mandibular 06/07 or Mandibular 10/11
Excessively sharp enamel points 97% of horses
Mucosal ulcers 66%
37
What was the overall conclusion from Smyth and Carmalt's 2019 paper "Histologic assessment of age-related changes in the temporomandibular joints of horses"
## Footnote
Smyth JAVMA 2019
The histo assessed lesions were associated with osteoarthritis, and they accumulated in the TMJs as horses aged.
No known clinical relevance
38
In Pusterla's 2020 study "Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care," true respiratory pathogens (EHV-1, EHV-4, EIV, ERBV or MRSA), were detected in what percent of horses?
## Footnote
JVD 2020, Henry, Rice
22%
39
In Pusterla's 2020 study "Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care," commensal respiratory pathogens were detected in what percent of horses?
## Footnote
JVD 2020, Henry, Rice
89%
40
In Pusterla's 2020 study "Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care," which population of horses Wisconsin or California had a 3-fold higher detection rate of respiratory pathogens and what were the differences in the population demographics?
## Footnote
JVD 2020, Rice, Henry
Wisconsin population younger, more Warmbloods, greater occurrence of nasal discharge and 3-fold higher detection rate of respiratory pathogens
41
In Pusterla's 2020 study "Investigation of the Shedding of Selected Respiratory Pathogens in Healthy Horse Presented for Routine Dental Care," what percent colonization rate of MRSA did the Wisconsin population have compared to the California population?
## Footnote
JVD 2020, Henry, Rice
Wisconsin 25%
California 9%
## Footnote
Wisconsin sig higher
42
In Nitzsche's paper "The Gingiva of Horses With Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Macroscopic Anatomical Evaluation" what was the conclusion in regards to presence of diastema in the PPID vs control groups?
## Footnote
Frontiers 2021
The presence of diastemata was significant (p < 0.0001) associated with age.
When controlling for age, PPID horses exhibited in 16.2% of cheek teeth with diastemata, compared to control horses that showed diastemata in 19.8% of cheek teeth interdental positions (NOT SIGNIFICANT)
In both groups, the lower CT showed more frequent (p = 0.0006; OR: 1.8) diastemata (22.7%) than the upper CT (14.0%). Triadan positions 406/407 and 306/307 were the most frequent locations for diastemata in both groups.
43
In Nitzsche's paper "The Gingiva of Horses With Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Macroscopic Anatomical Evaluation" what was the overall takeaway in regards to PPID vs controls for the factors of gingival sulcus depth, gingival texture, peripheral caries, and perio pockets?
## Footnote
Frontiers 2021
Age had no influence on gingival texture alterations or on presence of gingival sulci ≥ 1 mm depth, and both alterations were found more frequently in the PPID group than in controls.
Peripheral caries as well as periodontal pockets were found more frequently in controls than in horses affected by PPID.
44
In Reisbig's study "The effect of acute equine temporomandibular joint inflammation on response to rein-tension and kinematics" what were the changes noted when one TMJ was injected with LPS to induce inflammation?
## Footnote
Frontiers 2023
All horses showed reduced rein-tension on the injected (inflamed) side - SIG different at both walk and trot
Increased rein-tension was required on the non-injected side at trot, to maintain them in the correct position on the treadmill post-injection – because they are trying to take pressure off the inflammed side
## Footnote
only kinematic variable to show any significant change due to rein tension or TMJ inflammation during the walk or trot was an increase in forward head tilt in presence of rein tension
45
In Rehrl's 2023 study "Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis: Investigating individual incisor disease patterns using radiological classification," what distribution pattern was noted to be stat significant?
## Footnote
EVJ 2023
Bilateral disease
There was a significant positive correlation between age and tooth stages (p < 0.001) irrespective of Triadan position
There was a difference between the occurrence of the tooth stages in the different tooth positions (Triadan 01, 02, and 03) in the jaw (most in 03s, least in 01s)
46
In Smyth's 2022 paper "The effect of acute unilateral inflammation of the equine temporomandibular joint on the kinematics of mastication" what was the change in chewing cycle noted after LPS injection into one joint?
## Footnote
EVJ 2022
All horses developed reduced vertical pitch (vertical opening) of the mandible (significant) - smaller ROM post-injection
The closing phase and power stroke were significantly affected, but not the opening phase for rostrocaudal movement
47
In the 2015 study by Smedley et al, "Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis: Histopathologic Features," what were the common histopathologic findings?
1. Cemental lesions: all affected incisors and canine teeth → cemental hyperplasia & lytic lesions
2. Dentinal lysis: 2/17 (12%); varied from replacement resorption in all cases to inflammatory resorption
3. Endodontic lesions: 12/15 horses (mild neutrophilic to lymphoplasmacytic inflammation (n=6), internal lysis of dentin (n=4), fibrosis (n=10), rim of atubular mineralized material (n=11))
4. Periodontal disease: at least one tooth in 15/17 horses (88%); primarily lymphoplasmacytic inflammation and fibrosis of the PDL
5. Gingival lesions: at least one tooth in 5/9 horses that had gingiva present (Mild to moderate lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic inflammation (n=3), mild lymphoplasmacytic inflammation (n=2), occasional downward growth of epithelium in regions of neutrophilic inflammation (n=1), mild hyperplasia (n=1))
6. Lesions in the alveolar bone: at least one tooth in 5/9 horses that had alveolar bone present; scalloped surface w/ occasional osteoclasts within resorptive pits
48
According to the study by Arnbjerg in 2014, "Generalized hypercementosis in geriatric horses", hypercementotic lesions are seen concentrated on which aspects of incisor tooth roots?
## Footnote
Arnbjerg, 2014
Axial and lingual
49
In Townsend's 2021 study "Exodontia associated bacteremia in horses characterized by next generation sequencing," they concluded that bacteremia by oral commensal bacteria was present how long after exodontia?
## Footnote
Scientific Reports 2021
One hour
50
In Townsend's 2021 study "Exodontia associated bacteremia in horses characterized by next generation sequencing," what type of testing was used to characterize the bacteria and what were the most common taxa indentified?
## Footnote
Scientific Reports 2021
16S rRNA sequencing
Actinobacillus, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Veillonella
51
In Beste et. al (2020) article, “Culture-independent and dependent evaluation of the equine paranasal sinus microbiota in health and disease,” what organisms were found to be part of the normal microbiome of the sinuses?
## Footnote
Beste 2020 EVJ
Aspergillus and Malazezia were suggested to be part of the normal fungal microbiota of the paranasal sinus cavity.
52
In Uldahl's 2019 study "Lesions associated with the use of bits, nosebands, spurs and
whips in Danish competition horses", which of the following increased the risk of lip commissure lesion?
A. Type of bit
B. Type of bridle
C. Breed of horse
D. Level of competition
## Footnote
EVJ 2019
D. Level of competition
## Footnote
Oral lesions or blood were visible at the commissures of the lips in 9.2% of horses and increased with level of competition but did not differ between bit types or bitless bridles.
53
In Tumola's paper "Risk factors for bit-related lesions in Finnish trotting horses" what bit types were associated with oral lesions and which with bar lesions?
## Footnote
Tumola EVJ 2020
Moderate and severe oral lesion status was more common in horses wearing a Crescendo bit, a mullen mouth regulator bit or a straight plastic bit than in horses wearing a single-jointed snaffle trotting bit
Bar lesions were more common in horses wearing unjointed bits than in horses wearing jointed bits
54
In Tumola's paper "Risk factors for bit-related lesions in Finnish trotting horses" what risk factor was associated with bit lesions?
## Footnote
Tumola EVJ 2020
Mares had a higher risk for severe lesions than geldings or stallions
## Footnote
Lesions in the buccal area and the inner lip commissures were NOT associated with bit type.
Bit thickness was NOT associated with severe lesion status
Using a tongue-tie or an overcheck, galloping, placement in the top three or money earned in the race were NOT associated with lesion risk
55
In Roberts' study "The safety and efficacy of neuromodulation using percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of trigeminal-mediated headshaking in 168 horses" what was the success rate and complication rate of this tx?
## Footnote
Roberts EVJ 2020
Success: 53% (72/136)
Non-responders: 47% (64/136)
Complication rate: 8%
56
What % of horses have at least 1 dental abnormality on exam by the age of 15+ yo?
## Footnote
Easley ch 27
95.4%
57
What abrasion pathology is shown in this image and is almost a normal finding in aged donkeys?
## Footnote
Easley ch 27
"Smile mouth"
58
What portion of the incisor is most comonly affected by EOTRH lesions?
## Footnote
Easley ch 27
Apical 1/3-1/2
59
What extraoral abnormality is noted in the image below?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Bilateral bony enlargements of the temporomandibular joints
60
What is the normal amount of rostro-caudal mandibular excursion in a foal and adult horse respectively?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Foal: 3-4mm
Adult: 6-8mm
61
What is the normal excursion to molar contact of light breed horses, miniature horses and ponies and draft breeds respectively according to Easley's 2022 textbook?
Light breed horse: 12.3mm
Minis and ponies: 5-6mm
Draft breeds: 15-16mm
62
What abnormality is seen in the image below and what is the cause?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Gingival hyperplasia secondary to an environmental irritant
63
What were these nodular masses diagnosed as from Easley's 2022 textbook?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Lymphoma via biopsy and histopath
64
What are the definitions of the tooth mobility index for equine teeth according to Easley's 2022 text?
0: normal with no crown mobility
1: up to 0.5mm of movement
2: Movement of crown up to 3mm
3: Greater than 3mm movement in any direction
65
In Ireland's 2012 study "A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older," at least one dental abnormality was found in what percent of horses over 15 years?
## Footnote
The Vet J 2012, referenced in Easley 2022
95.4%
66
In Du Toit's 2009 paper "Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 1: prevalence of dental disorders," what incisor occlusal surface profile was present in 96% of aged donkeys with dental disease and 99% of donkeys without dental disease and may be considered a normal incisor occlusal table surface appearance in older donkeys?
## Footnote
EVJ 2009
Smile mouth (ventral convex curvature)
67
The image below shows what type of incisor occlusal surface?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Smile mouth (ventral convex curvature)
## Footnote
Can be seen with excessive wear of the maxillary incisors but is considered a potentially normal finding in aged donkeys
68
What inflammatory mediator is suspected to play a key role in the stimulation of odontoclasts that perpetuate tooth resorption in cases of EOTRH?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
PGE2
69
In Henry's 2017 study "Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses," what types of tooth resorption were most commonly identified?
## Footnote
EVJ 2017
external replacement resorption and external inflammatory resorption
70
In Nuttall's 2019 paper "Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first opinion horse population in the UK," what was the prevalence of horses with active periodontal disease and what teeth were most commonly affected?
## Footnote
The Vet J 2019
Periodontal disease prevalence 14%
More common in mandibular CT than maxillary
Premolars more commonly affected than molars
## Footnote
For every year of age the prob of a horse having PD increased by 10.6%
71
In Nuttall's 2019 paper "Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first opinion horse population in the UK," what was the prevalence of peripheral caries and what teeth was it more likely to occur in?
## Footnote
The vet J 2019
Prevalence PC 8.2%
PC not stat sig more likely to occur in maxilla or mandible
Stat sig more likely to occur in molars
## Footnote
Peripheral caries not stat sig associated with age, periodontal disease or diastemata
72
In Nuttall's 2019 paper "Prevalence and analysis of equine periodontal disease, diastemata and peripheral caries in a first opinion horse population in the UK," what was the prevalence of diastemata and what teeth was it more likely to occur in?
## Footnote
The Vet J 2019
Prevalence diastemata 8.7%
Stat sig more often in mandibular arcades and premolars
## Footnote
Horses with diastemata were sig more likely to have periodontal disease
73
In Lee's 2019 study "A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses," what was the prevalence of peripheral caries and what was the most commonly identified grade?
## Footnote
Dixon EVE 2019
PC prevalence 91%
Grade 1.1 most common - 73% of PC
74
In Lee's 2019 study "A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses," what teeth were most commonly affected and what aspects of the maxillary and mandibular teeth were most commonly affected?
## Footnote
Dixon EVE 2019
Molars most commonly affected (prevalence 75%)
Palatal aspect of maxillary CT and buccal aspect of mandibular CT sig more commonly affected
## Footnote
females stat sig more commonly affected by PC than males
75
In Lee's 2019 study "A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses," what was the prevalence of diastemata and was it stat sig associated with peripheral caries?
## Footnote
Dixon EVE 2019
Diastemata prevalence 38.6%
Not stat sig associated with peripheral caries
76
In Lee's 2019 study "A post-mortem study on the prevalence of peripheral dental caries in Scottish horses," what was the prevalence of cheek teeth fractures and was it stat sig associated with peripheral caries?
## Footnote
Dixon EVE 2019
Cheek teeth fractures prevalence 5%
Not stat sig associated with peripheral caries
77
In Simhofer's 2008 study "The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses," what was the most prevalent disorder and which teeth had the highest prevalence?
## Footnote
The Vet J 2008
Sharp enamel ridges 96% horses
Maxillary 09s and 10s highest prevalence
78
In Simhofer's 2008 study "The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses," what were the prevalences of focal dental overgrowth, fissure fractures, and diastemata?
## Footnote
The Vet J 2008
Focal dental overgrowths 64%
Fissure fractures 54%
Diastemata 24%
79
In Simhofer's 2008 study "The use of oral endoscopy for detection of cheek teeth abnormalities in 300 horses," what was the prevalence of infundibular hypoplasia/caries and fractured teeth?
## Footnote
The Vet J 2008
Infundibular hypoplasia/caries 48%
Fractured teeth 22% all horses
80
In du Toit's 2008 study "Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 1: Prevalence of specific dental disorders," what was the dental disorder prevalence overall and what was the most common dental disorder?
## Footnote
Dixon, EVJ 2008
Dental disorder prevalence 93%
Cheek teeth diastemata 85%
81
According to Antilla, Raekallio, and Valros 2022 paper ”Oral Dimensions Related to Bit Size in Adult Horses and Ponies”, what were the author's conclusion?
## Footnote
Frontiers 2022
Ill-fitting bits are common
Horses should be refitted for bits as they age
82
In du Toit's 2008 study "Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 2: Epidemiological studies," what factors were associated with cheek teeth diastemata?
## Footnote
Dixon EVJ 2008
Older age range, presence of missing teeth, displaced and worn cheek teeth
83
In du Toit's 2008 study "Post mortem survey of dental disorders in 349 donkeys from an aged population (2005-2006). Part 2: Epidemiological studies," what cause of death was stat sig associated with the presence of CT diastemata?
## Footnote
Dixon, EVJ 2008
Colic
## Footnote
Colic related disease was the most common illness necessitating euthanasia 31.5%
84
In Rodrigues' 2013 study "A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leones and 400 Mirandes donkeys (Equus asinus)," what was the overall prevalence of dental disorders and what was the most commonly diagnosed cheek tooth disorder?
## Footnote
Vet Record 2013
Overall dental disorder prevalence 83%
Most common dental disorder enamel overgrowths prevalence 73%
## Footnote
No stat sig differences between the two breeds
85
In Rodrigues' 2013 study "A clinical survey on the prevalence and types of cheek teeth disorders present in 400 Zamorano-Leones and 400 Mirandes donkeys (Equus asinus)," what risk factor was found to be significantly associated with dental disorders and what was the major cause of periodontal disease?
## Footnote
Vet Record 2013
Increasing age stat sig associated with dental disorders
CT diastemata was the major cause of peridontal disease → 89% of teeth diagnosed with PD were caused by CT diastemata
86
In Kunz' 2020 study "High Prevalence of Orodental Disorders in South Brazilian Cart Horses: Walking a Tightrope Between Animal Welfare and Socioeconomic Inevitability", what was the most common dental disorder?
## Footnote
JVD 2020
Excessively sharp enamel points 97% horses
## Footnote
Mucosal ulcers were present in 66%, cheek teeth diastemata were the other most common finding at 66%
87
In Tinsley's 2023 study "The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses," what was the overall prevalence of dental disease and what were the 4 most common pathologies?
## Footnote
Frontiers 2023
95%
Crown elongation 74%
Oral mucosal ulceration 67%
Diastemata 34%
Class 1 malocclusion 34%
88
In Tinsley's 2023 study "The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses," what factor was stat sig associated with the prevalence of dental abnormalities and what factors were not stat sig associated with dental disease?
## Footnote
Frontiers 2023
Stat sig associated with age
No stat sig associations between dental disease and sex, weight, height
89
In Tinsley's 2023 study "The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses," what factors were stat sig associated with an increased likelihood of Class 1 malocclusions?
## Footnote
Frontiers 2023
High body condition score
wider heads (also had a stat sig association with increased prevalence of dental disease in general)
90
In Collins' 2005 article "Diagnosis and management of equine diastemata," what fiber length was recommended as a dietary modification for horses with diastemata?
## Footnote
Dixon Clin Tech Pract 2005
< 5mm
91
What structure is dilated in the image below?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Parotid salivary duct
92
Stomatitis in horses can be caused by what?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Trauma (ingested objects, dental trauma)
Toxicity (heavy metals, plants, insects (blister beetles, drugs (phenylbutazone))
infections (vesicular stomatitis virus, equine arteritis virus and equine herpesvirus-2)
93
What do A and B indicate in the figure below
A. Dorsal buccal salivary glands
B. Polystomatic sublingual salivary gland
94
According to Kilcoyne's 2014 study, "Septic sialoadenitis in equids: A retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2010)," what imaging modality was more reliable for diagnosing septic sialoadenitis?
## Footnote
EVJ 2014
Ultrasound
## Footnote
Gas echoes miliary in appearance
95
What is the incidence of cleft palate of horses, what is the typical morphology, and what signalment can present?
## Footnote
Ch 12 Easley - references papers
Incidence: 0.1-0.8%
Majority (64-92% soft palate only, rarely both hard and soft palate)
Majority are foals (< 1 yo) but some adult horses can also present (Barakzai 2013)
96
Name possible neoplasias of the lips
Name possible neoplasias of the tongue
## Footnote
Easley Ch 12
Lips: Melanoma, Sarcoid, SCC
Tongue: SCC, lymphosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, chondrosarcoma, rhabdomysarcome
97
What infectious disease can cause vesicular stomatitis in the horse?
## Footnote
Easley ch 12
Rhabdovirus - reportable
Also rarely EHV-3
98
What toxins can cause oral ulcerations?
## Footnote
Easley Ch 12
Arsenic and mercury
99
What toxic plants and toxic insect can cause tongue ulcerations?
## Footnote
Easley ch 12
Nightshade, pokeweed
Blister beetle
100
What are the two forms of gingival hyperplasia in the horse?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Epithelial - usually diffuse, proliferative, around incisors and canines
Fibrous - can be diffuse or regional with discrete mass, uncommon
101
What's your diagnosis on nasal endoscopy?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Progressive ethmoid hematoma
102
What's your diagnosis?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Reactive hypercementosis
## Footnote
secondary to inflamma around PDL, can be chronic or acute, can also happen after extraction is cementoblasts remain and are inflammed
103
What's your top differential around this maxillary canine tooth?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Dentigerous cyst
104
What's your top differential?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Radicular cyst
105
What type of cyst do you suspect and is it a true or pseudocyst?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Bone cyst
Pseudocyst
106
This horse presents with a draining tract at the ear base. What is your top differential, and was are other ddx to rule out?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Temporal teratoma
other ddx: Otitis externa, otitis media, abscess, foreign body, septic TMJ, THO, neoplasia, and dermal parasitic invasion
107
This horse presents with a ~5cm diameter swelling at the nostril area. What do you suspect?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Epidermal inclusion cyst, AKA atheroma
108
What are the origin tissues of the following:
Ameloblastoma
Odontoma
SCC
FSA
Melanoma
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Ameloblastoma - odontogenic epithelium
Odontoma - mixed odontogenic epithelium and mesenchyme
SCC - epithelial
FSA - mesenchymal
Melanoma - mesenchymal
109
What is the characteristic imaging sign for osteosarcoma?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
Sunburst bone reaction - periosteal-driven new bone and osteoid formation
110
What genetic mutation do grey horses inherit that predispose them to developing melanomas?
## Footnote
Easley ch 14
STX17g
## Footnote
Worse prognosis if melanoma in a non-grey horse
111
In Sykora's 2012 paper "Isolation of Treponema and Tannerella spp. from equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis related periodontal disease" what was the difference between groups?
## Footnote
EVJ 2012 Sykora
Treponema and/or Tannerella DNA was detected in 100% of periodontitis-related samples and in 52.2% of DNA derived from healthy horses
112
What are the three red complex bacteria?
## Footnote
Carranza
Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia and Porphyromonas
gingivalis
113
What were the two main features of cheek teeth EOTRH in the case report by Moore et al?
## Footnote
EVE 2016 Moore
1) Wider than usual CT (can be subtle to detect) with the spatial layered hypercementosis pattern previously described
2) Unusual mobility of CT detected when the grinding burr was placed against the teeth.
114
What aspect of the tooth is most commonly affected by EOTRH (in incisors)?
## Footnote
Easley ch 27, Staszyk 2008
Apical ⅓ - ½ is most commonly affected.
## Footnote
Starts on lingual/palatal aspect of the tooth and expands in a mesial/distal direction
115
In Ireland et al 2012 paper “A survey of health care and disease in geriatric horses aged 30 years or older”, at least one dental abnormality was detected in what percentage of horses over 15 years?
## Footnote
Easley ch 27
95%
116
According to Du Toit et al’s 2009 paper “Clinical dental examination of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 1: prevalence of dental disorders.”, what is noted about "smile mouth" and how common was it?
## Footnote
Easley ch 27
“Smile” mouth was present in 96% of donkeys with dental disease and 99% of donkeys without dental disease.
Therefore ‘smile mouth’ may be regarded as a normal incisor occlusal table surface appearance in older donkeys.
117
In Henry et al 2017 paper “Radiographic evaluation in clinical practice of the types and stage of incisor tooth resorption and hypercementosis in horses”, which types were found to be the most common types of resorption affecting horses?
## Footnote
Easley ch 27
External replacement resorption and external inflammatory resorption.
118
In Rehrl's paper "Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis" what EOTRH-related pathology is noted by the circle?
## Footnote
Rehrl 2017 EVJ
Blunted root tip
119
What is a flash noseband?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
adaption of the Cavesson with an extra leather strap attached at its midpoint and dropping down at an angle to fit under the bit and in the chin groove.
120
Is a high or low port bit typically more severe?
## Footnote
Easley ch 3
The higher the port the less chance of damaging the tongue unless a lot of rein pressure is applied which can make the bit rotate and contact the hard palate
## Footnote
Common misconception that low port is more mild - but that is not true, low port is more severe because more contact without rein pressure
121
In Rehrl's paper "Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis" what % of horses had mild changes and was % had moderate to severe?
## Footnote
Rehrl 2017 EVJ
32% mild
62 % mod-severe
## Footnote
94% of all horses had some EOTRH-like changes on rads in n=142
122
In Rehrl's paper "Radiological prevalence of equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis" what factors were found signficant?
## Footnote
Rehrl 2017 EVJ
Increased age sig inc severity of EOTRH lesions, and sig differences between age groups
## Footnote
No breed or sex predilection stat sig
123
What is the minimum and maximum mouthpiece diameter that most horse show associations allow?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
0.64cm or narrower
1.4cm max
124
What is the definition of a snaffle bit?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
any bit, whether it has a jointed or solid mouthpiece, in which the cheeks of the bridle and the reins attach to the same or adjacent rings on the bit. Snaffle bits have a 1:1 ratio, with a direct line of pull from the rider’s hands to the horse’s mouth
## Footnote
No mechanical advantage or application of poll pressure
125
What is the name of this bit?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Loose ring snaffle with single jointed mouthpiece
126
What is the name of this bit and what advantage does it have over a Loose ring snaffle bit?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
D-ring snaffle
Has a metal cylinder that connects the mouthpiece to the cheek rings, thus avoiding the pinching at the corners of the mouth sometimes caused by loose rings.
## Footnote
Egg butt bits also have this advantage
127
What is the purpose of prongs/cheeks on snaffle bits?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
cheeks encourage the horse to turn in the desired direction by increasing the pressure on the corners of the mouth and sides of the face. The cheeks also prevent the bit from being pulled through the mouth.
128
What is the name of this bit?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Waterford Snaffle
129
What is the name of the bit below?
French link snaffle with egg butt cheek pieces
130
What is the name of the bit below?
Mullen mouth snaffle with loose rings
131
What is the definition of a leverage bit?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Leverage bits have bridle rings above the mouthpiece and rein rings below the mouthpiece
132
What is the name of the two parts of the double bridle shown on top and bottom respectively?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Top: Weymouth with straight shanks
Bottom: Loose ring Bradoon snaffle
133
What is the definition of a Pelham bit?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Curb bit and snaffle bit combination
Designed to give the advantages of a double bridle using a single mouthpiece
134
What type of biting system is pictured below and what conformation does not work well with this bit type?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Pelham bit with double reins and curb chain
does not work well in horses with exceptionally long bars of the mouth
135
What is the name of this bit and where does it place pressure?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Cheltenham Gag Bit
Bit slides back and upwards and places pressure on the poll
136
What type of bit is pictured below?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Gag Bit (Three Ring Dutch)
## Footnote
Places pressure on the poll
137
What is the name of the bridle shown below?
## Footnote
Easley 2022
Side pull Bitless Bridle (Dr. Cook's Bitless Bridle)
138
What kind of bit is shown below and what is its purpose?
## Footnote
Easley
Chifney bit
Used to lead difficult to lead horses in hand
can cause a lot of damage
139
Horses with a low or high hard palate arch should not be fitted with high port bits?
## Footnote
Easley ch 3
Low palate arch
140
In Beste's 2020 study "Culture-independent and dependent evaluation of the equine paranasal sinus microbiota in health and disease," what were the most common aerobic and anaerobic organisms isolated?
## Footnote
EVJ 2020
Aerobic: Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus (47% with primary and 28% with secondary sinusitis)
Anaerobic: Fusobacterium (27% primary and 49% secondary sinusitis)
141
In Beste's 2020 study "Culture-independent and dependent evaluation of the equine paranasal sinus microbiota in health and disease," what clinical conclusions were made about anaerobic contribution to sinus disease?
## Footnote
EVJ 2020
Anaerobic bacteria are found in the majority of horses with clinical sinusitis
Their presence should be considered for antimicrobial selection
## Footnote
majority were susceptible to chloramphenicol, metronidazole, and penicillin
142
In Gillen's paper "Outcome of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses: 32 cases (1999-2015)" what tumor types had the most response to RT?
## Footnote
Gillen JVIM 2020
Ossifying fibroma - 6/8 complete response; 1 recurrence case; 1 euth case
SCC - 3/11 complete response; 8/11 recurrence
143
In Gillen's paper "Outcome of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses: 32 cases (1999-2015)" what was the overall MST and the specific MST for recurrence cases?
## Footnote
Gillen JVIM 2020
MST 25 months (50% of horses were alive at time of follow up)
MST for recurrence cases 3.5 months
## Footnote
38% complete response rate of all cases
12% recurrence rate of all cases
144
What cases have been reported to use palliative RT in horses?
## Footnote
Easley ch 30
Lingual SCC in a pony
Sinus lymphoma in a pony
145
What are the goals of systemic chemotherapy?
## Footnote
Easley ch 30
1) reduse tumor size for Sx or RT
2) treat metastasis
146
What medical therapy can be considered in equine SCC?
## Footnote
Easley ch 30
Piroxicam
Case report 0.2 mg/kg PO q24-48 hrs
147
Intralesional cisplatin has been used in what tumor types in horses?
## Footnote
Easley ch 30
Gingival fibrosarcoma
Sinus adenocarcinoma
Sarcoids
Melanoma
SCC
Cutaneous lymphoma
148
What tumor types responded to Doxorubicin (systemic chemo)?
## Footnote
Easley ch 30, Theon JVIM 2013
lymphomas and carcinomas
47% response rate
## Footnote
No response for melanomas
149
During what epoch did horse limbs make the greatest shift from the shorter limbs of a browsing mammal to the long slender limbs of horses today?
## Footnote
Easley 2022 textbook, Chp 1
Miocene Epoch
150
What was the first horse species that had greatly reduced lateral toes, elongated limbs and taller teeth approaching hypsodont proportions?
## Footnote
Easley textbook, Chp 1
Merychippus
151
How is hypsodonty defined based off of the hypsodonty index?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, Chp 1
Index of greater than 1.2
## Footnote
In modern horses the index is often as high as 8
152
What percent of equine tumors are reported to develop in the mouth?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, chp 14
< 1.1%
## Footnote
Head relatively common location for development of sarcoids and SCC but oral masses uncomon
153
What is considered to be the most common nasal proliferative lesion in the horse?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Progressive ethmoid hematoma
154
According to Easley's 2022 textbook what is the treatment of choice for progressive ethmoid hematomas and what are contraindications for this treatment?
## Footnote
Chp 14
Intralesional injection with 4-10% formalin via nasal endoscopy or sinoscopy
Destruction of the cribiform plate or infraorbital canal contraindication
155
According to Tremaine's 2001 study "A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: treatments and results of treatments," what percent of horses with progressive ethmoid hematomas have longterm remission of clinical signs?
## Footnote
Dixon Eq Vet J 2001
33%
156
What are the proposed mechanisms for bone cysts according to Easley's 2022 textbook?
## Footnote
Chp 14
malformation of intraosseous vasculature, trauma, bleeding disorders, haematoma or underlying neoplasia.
## Footnote
Bone cysts may be categorized as primary (e.g., associated with vascular anomalies) or secondary due to trauma, neoplasia, or fibrous dysplasia.
157
What is thought to be the embryologic origin of temporal teratomas?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, Chp 14
embryonic interactions between the ectoderm of the first branchial arch and migration of neural crest-derived ectomesenchymal cells
158
What is the difference between a compound and complex odontoma?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Compound: contains discrete well organized denticles (organized dental material with a discrete tooth like structure)
Complex: highly dysplastic tooth structures that may form a conglomerate of dental material rather than discrete denticles
159
Papillomas associated with what virus may have a high risk of malignant transformation?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EPV-2)
160
According to Easley's 2022 textbook metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma to the regional lymph nodes is reported to occur in what percent of horses?
## Footnote
Chp 14
30%
161
In Jone's 1994 paper "Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and pharynx in horses," what was the longest survival time following attempted surgical excision?
## Footnote
Cornell Vet 1994
4 months
162
Sarcoids occur as a result of infection with what viruses?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Bovine papillomavirus Types 1 and 2
163
According to Koch 1982 (cited in Easley's 2022 textbook), what is the second most common oropharyngeal tumor in the horse?
## Footnote
Chp 14
Fibrosarcoma
164
Juvenille ossifying fibromas are indistinguishable from what kind of mass?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, chp 14
Osteoma
165
What is the predominant subtype of osteosarcomas in the horse?
## Footnote
Easley 2022, Chp 14
Fibroblastic osteosarcoma
166
According to Easley's 2022 textbook, what is the number of mastications per kg of forage vs per kg of concentrates?
## Footnote
chp 10
Forage 3000-3500
Concentrates 800-1200
167
What is the definition of primary sinusitis?
## Footnote
O'Leary and Dixon "A review of equine paranasal sinusitis. Aetiopathogenesis, clinical signs and ancillary diagnostic techniques" EVE 2011
When there is no detectable predisposition to a bacterial sinus infection other than possible antecedent respiratory infection, the sinusitis can be termed a primary sinusitis
168
In Brown's 2022 study "Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses," intraoral extraction was successful in how many cases?
## Footnote
JVD 2022
3/9
169
In Brown's 2022 study "Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses," what was the postoperative complication rate and what were the complications documented?
## Footnote
JVD 2022
55% (5/9 cases)
Oronasal fistula 2 cases
Recurrent sinusitis 2 cases
Serous drainage from mandibular repulsion site
170
What is the difference between nodular and peripheral hypercementosis according to Brown's 2022 study "Clinical, diagnostic and histological findings involving cheek teeth hypercementosis in nine horses?"
## Footnote
JVD 2022
Nodular hypercementosis: Proliferation of cementum embedded in periodontal tissues but not visibly attached to tooth root
Peripheral hypercementosis: Proliferation of cementum attached to margin of tooth
## Footnote
Reactive hypercementosis lesions often lead to extraction challenges and complications, they are likely the result of a historical insult and may be associated with recurrent sinusitis
