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Oral Surgery Flashcards

(149 cards)

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1
Q

Indications for tooth extraction?

A

Caries
Endo:
Perio:
Ortho:
Cracked Teeth
Impacted Teeth
Supernumerary
Pathology:
Questionable Teeth BEFORE Radiation

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2
Q

Contraindications for Tooth Extraction

A

Poorly Controlled Diabetes

Unstable Angia

ESRD: End Stage Renal Disease

Leukemia

Lymphoma

Hemophelia or Platelet disorder

Hx of Head & Neck Radiation
* HYPERBARIC OXYGEN BEFORE & AFTER EXO

IV Bisphosphonatees

Pericornitis:
* treat infection first

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3
Q

Impacted teeth

A

Do not erupt when expected
* primary reason=inadequate arch length

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4
Q

What are the most common teeth likely to be impacted?

A
  1. Mandibular 3rd Molars
  2. Maxillary 3rd Molars
  3. Maxillary Canines
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5
Q

Congenitally missing teeth

A
  • Teeth that don’t form
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6
Q

What are the teeth that are most likely to be congenitally missing?

A
  1. 3rd molars
  2. Mandibular 2nd premolar
  3. Maxillary Laterals
  4. Maxillary 2nd premolars
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7
Q

What are the different classification systems for impacted teeth?

A
  1. Nature of overlying tissue
  2. Winter’s Classification
  3. Pell & Gregory Classification
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8
Q

Nature of Overlying tissue Classification

A

Soft tissue Impaction:
* HOC above bone level
* gingiva is completely or partially covering tooth
* Easiest

Hard tissue impaction:
1. Partial bony: HOC below bone level
2. Complete Bony: Tooth entirely surrounded by bone. Most DIFFICULT

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9
Q

Impacted Teeth Classification: Winter’s Classification

A

3rd molars ONLY
* compare long axis of 3rd molar to 2nd molar

Mandibular: (Mama Has Violet Daises):
Mesioangular: Easiest
Horizontal: 2nd easiest
Vertical: 2nd Hardest
Diatoangular: Most Difficult

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10
Q

Pell and Gregory Classification

A

lower 3rd molars ONLY

Class A: same plane as other molars
Class B: Halfway down other molars
Class C: Below cervical line (CEJ) of 2nd molar
* MOST DIFFICULT

Class I: crown anterior to ramus
Class II: 1/2 crown in ramus
Class III: Entire crown in ramus
* MOST DIFFICULT

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11
Q

Subperiosteal Abscess

A

Extraction Complication
* infection under periosteum layer
* small pieces of bone or tooth left under a flap
* irrigate thoroughly to avoid

Can happen whenever you elevate a flap

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12
Q

Oro-Antral Communication (OAC)

A

Aka Sinus Exposure
* communication b/w oral cavity & antrum (Sinus)

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13
Q

What tooth is most commonly associated with an Oro-antral Communication?

A

Maxillary 1st molar (palatal root)

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14
Q

Oro-Antral Communication: Tx

A

< 2mm : Do nothing, Sinus Precautions

2-6 mm: 4A’s and Figure 8 suture
* Antibiotics
* Analgesics
* Antihistamines
* Afrin Nasal Spray 2x per day

> 6 mm: Flap Surgery

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15
Q

How do you prevent an Oroantral Communication (OAC)

A

Good pre-op radiograph: shows level of sinus
* Avoid excessive apical pressure

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16
Q

Alveolar Osteoitis

A

AKA Dry Socket
* blood clot dislodges or dissolves before wound heals after extraction
* NOT AN INFECTION, NO ANTIBIOTICS REQUIRED

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17
Q

Alveolar Osteitis: Tx

A

Irrigate & Local pain control
* PACK ALVEOGEL
* EUGENOL HELPS W/PAIN

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18
Q

Nerve Injury

A

Most common w/Lower 3rd Molars
* close to IAN Nerve

Tx:
*Medrol Dosepak=Steroid to decrease inflammation
* numbness > 4 weeks, refer for microneurosurgeon eval

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19
Q

Tooth Displacement

A
  • maxillary 1st/2nd molar: Maxillary Sinus
  • Maxillary 3rd molar: Infratemporal fossa
  • Mandibular 3rd molar: Submandibular space
  • Oropharynx=Send to ER for chest & abdominal x-ray
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20
Q

Complications of tooth extraction

A
  • Subperiosteal abscess
  • Oro-antral communication
  • Alveolar Osteitis
  • Nerve Injury
  • Tooth Displacement
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21
Q

Bite Block

A

Better visualization

Stabilizes mandible (good for TMJ)

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22
Q

Suction Tips

A

Yankaur Suction: soft tissue

Frazier Suction: hard and soft tissue
* Cover hole=hard tissue, more suction
* Uncover: Soft tissue, weaker suction

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23
Q

Towel Clip

A

holds drapes placed around patient
* Locking handle w/finger & thumb rings
* be careful not to pinch patient’s skin

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24
Q

Austin Tissue Retractor

A

Austin:
* Right angle
* small flaps

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25
Weider Tissue Retractor
AKa Sweet Heart Broad heart shaped * protect and retract tongue Mandibular lingual surgery
26
Minnesota Tissue Retractor
offset curved and broad * Cheek/flap reflection
27
Seldin Tissue Retractor
Long and flat elevate down to floor of mouth * mandibular tori removal
28
Periosteal Elevators
Woodson periosteal: Small & Delicate #9 Molt periosteal: Larger elevator
29
Straight Elevator
aka #301 * most commonly used **Lever** Blade: concave surface towrads tooth to be elevated
30
Triangular Elevator
aka Cryer * second most common **Wheel and Axle** **Remove broken root left in socket**
31
Pick Elevator
remove retained or broken root **Wedge** **Crane Pick** * heavy version **Root Tip Pick** * delicate version
32
#150 Forceps
Upper universal * A=premolars * S=primary teeth
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151 Forceps
Lower universal A=premolar S=primary
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#23 Forceps
Cowhorn * lower molars * beak engages bifurcation
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#88R/L Forceps
Upper Cowhorn * 2 beaks: palatal root * 1 beak: buccal bifurcation
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#74 Forceps
Ash * mandibular premolars
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#65 Forceps
Upper Root forceps
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#15 blade
most common for intraoral sx
39
#11 Blade
Stab Incisions
40
#10 Blade
Large Skin incisions
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#12 Blade
Mucogingival surgery * curved shape: improved access to sulcus Curved shape * easier to access sulcus
42
Irrigation
steady stream of sterile water/water during bone removal * **prevents heat generation** (May devitalize bone) * increases bur efficiency
43
Curettes
Spoon shaped end-scrape away soft tissue **always curette a socket**
44
Rongeurs
double spring pliers Trim interradicular bone
45
Curuttes promote better
Promotes better: * clotting * healing * bony infill of socket
46
Osteotome
Aka Bone Chisel Flat End * tapped w/surgical mallet Monobevel: Remove torus Bibevel: Section teeth
47
Bone File
Final Smoothing before suturing **Pull stroke**
48
Surgical Handpieces
Do NOT use air-driven handpiece * leads to **air emphysema** Straight fissure burs: * section teeth Round Burs: * Remove bone
49
Hemostat
**Hemostasis** * clamp blood vessels closed before suturing or cauterizing Useful for blunt dissection of soft tissue * I&D Curved or straight beaks Serrated End=Grasp Tissue
50
Needle Holder
Short Stout Beak: (compared to hemostat) * Face of beak=**crosshatched**-better grasp of needle
51
Suture
Primary purpose: **Immobilize flap** Place from **movable tissue (Flap) to non-movable tissue**
52
Adson tissue forceps
Toothed: * periosteum * muscle * aponeurosis Non-Toothed: * fascia * mucosa * pathological tissue for biopsy
53
Utility forceps
Pick up items from tray or prepare packing materials * NOT for soft tissue handling
54
Dean Scissors
Cut Sutures Blade angles up: easier access to suture thread
55
Mayo Scissors
cut fascia & dissecting soft tissue
56
What are the preparatory steps for extraction?
1. Remove entire correct tooth 2. Check tooth condition 3. Check Radiograph (PAN or PA) 4. Informed Consent 5. Comfortable positioning 6. Profound anesthesia 7. Throat Screen
57
Simple vs Surgical Extraction
Simple: * no incisions or sutures Surgical: * surgical access w/ mucoperiosteal flap * use **Surgical handpiece** * suture needed
58
Steps involved in Simple extractioin
1. Sever soft tissue attachment 2. Luxate tooth with elevator 3. Deliver tooth w/forceps 4. Post ext:
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Simple Extraction: Sever Soft Tissue Attachment
Use periostea Elevator: * loosen gingival fibers & PDL attached to tooth * confirms good anesthesia allows apical placement of forceps
60
Simple Extraction: Luxate tooth with elevator
Face of blade: * against tooth your extracting Back of Blade: * against alveolar crest Find a purchase point **Lever** * fulcrum=alveolar bone * not 100% on adjacent tooth * = EXPANSION OF BONE & TEAR PDL
61
Simple Extractoin: Deliver Tooth with Forceps
Slow and deliberate force * tooth should first be moved then removed Motions: Outward (Buccal/Labial): * initial movement for most **permanent** teeth Inward (Lingual/palatal): * initial movement of most **primary** teeth Rotary: * initial movement in conical-rooted teeth Apical: * Always used * avoid excessive pressure in maxillary molars UPPER 1st Premolar **CAUTION W?DEEP BIFURCATION** **NO Rotation** UPPER Molars: * Favor buccal pressure (palatal may push palatal root into sinus)
62
Simple Extraction: Post-Ext
Bend B-L Plates back in place * unless ortho and implants are planned in future CSI: * Curettage * Smooth bone w/bone file or rongeur * Irrigate w/syringe
63
General Rules for Flap Design
Wider base Incisions **over intact bone** * NOT bony defects or eminences **Rounded Corners** Vertical Releases at **Line angles** Avoid vital structures Post-op plaque control=most important procedure after perio sx
64
Types of Full Thickness Flaps
aka Mucoperiosteal Flaps envelope: * 0 vertical releases * 2 teeth Anterior, 1 Posterior 3-cornered: * 1 vertical release * 1 tooth anterior, 1 tooth posterior Trapezoidal: * 2 vertical releases * 1 tooth anterior, 1 tooth Posterior
65
Semilunar Incision
Type of flap Apical to mucogingival junction * **apicoectomy** (endo sx) * **NOT on maxilla palate**
66
Double Y Incision
Type of Flap Incision down Palatal midline * 2 vertical releases at each end (Double Y) * **palatal torus removal**
67
Factors for Prediciting Difficult Extractions
* **Divergent** Roots * Root **Dilacerations** * **Endo** treated tooth * Root **Resorption** * **Long** Roots * Dense Bone * Root **Fracture** * Proximity to **floor of sinus/IAN** * Limited **opening** * **Bruxism** * Exostoses or tori * Gross caries * Severe crowding
68
What can surgical handpieces be used for?
remove buccal bone * create ditch/trough=purchase point & path for delivery * Careful if implant is planned remove interradicular bone * moves center of resistance apically * careful if implant is planned section tooth 1&2 create space for a purchase point
69
Single Interuppted suture
Aka simple loop * easiest * most common technique
70
Silk Sutures
* **wicking property**- allows bacteria to invade * multifilament
71
Mandibular Fractures
**Best Eval with PANs** **Condylar Fractures> Angle>Symphysis> Body>Alveolus>Ramus>Coronoid** Condylar Fracture: contralateral side of blow Angle/gonial fracture: Ipsilateral side of blow Ideal Tx: Open Reduction & Internal Fixation (ORIF)
72
Types of Mandibular Fractures
Greenstick: not all the way throgh Comminuted: Crushed into multiple fragments Simple: Closed to oral cavity Compound: Open to oral cavity, bone exposed through mucosa
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Midface Fractures
Best Eval with **CBCT** LeFort I: Horizontal across maxilla LeFort II: Pyramidal * involves medial Orvit & Nasal Bone LeFort III: Copmlete cranial fracture dysfunction Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture * caused by direct blow to malar eminence (Cheekbone) * **Bleeding under conjuctiva (eye)**
74
Trauma Surgery
Reduction: Fracture fragments returned to normal position * Open Reduction: Dissect tissue to Surgically expose fragments * Closed Reduction: Manipulate fragments w/o surgical exposure Fixation: Hold bone together for healing * Internal Fixatoin: use titanium plates & screws to hold bone together * Intermaxillary Fixation (IMF): wire the jaws closed; arch bars and elastics
75
How are mandibular fractures ideally treated?
Open Reduction and interal fixation (ORIF) * use occlusion to hold the jaw in place * occlusal splints: 4-6 weeks
76
Retrognathic Mandible
Class II
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Orthognathic Surgery
Correct Severe Skeletal Discrepancies * require **Lateral Cephs** * CBCT is becoming more common Use: **Acrylic Splint intraoperatively** * **Occlusion guides surgical outcome**
78
Le Fort I Surgery/osteotomoy
Move Maxilla Used for: * **retrusive maxilla** * **vertical maxillary excess**
79
BSSO
Bisagittal Split Osteotomy Move Mandible Used for: * **retrusive mandible** * **protrusive mandible** Most common post-op complication=**nerve damage**
80
Distraction Osteogenesis
2 bone surfaces are gradually separated by traction * then deposit bone b/w them * Bone Lengthening (not width) Phase 1: **osteotomy** * Split bone in 2 pieces Phase 2: **Latency period** * appliance is mounted to bone * not activated for 1 week Phase 3: **distraction phase** * activate appliance * gradually separate the 2 pieces as bone fills in gap
81
Biopsychosocial Model of Pain
Axis I: Bio * **nociceptive input** from somatic tissue * acute Axis II: Psychosocial * influence interaction b/w **thalamus, cortex, and limbic** * Chronic (>6 months) Its not just about the tooth (axis I), but also the person w/the tooth (axis II)
82
Pain Pathway
1.**Transduction**: Pain info tavels from **PNS to CNS** 2.**Transmission**: Pain info travels from **CNS to thalamus** and higher cortical centers 3.**Modulation**: **limit flow of pain info** 4.**Perception**: **human experience of pain**= 1+ 2 + 3+ psychological factors of higher thought and emotion
83
Somatic Pain
**Increased Stimulus=Increased Pain** * typical dental pain * Depends on Magnitude of stimulus Musculoskeletal: * TMJ * Periodontal * Muscles (Myofascial) Visceral: * Salivary glands * pulpal
84
Neuropathic Pain
Pain independent of stimulus intensity Damaged pain pathway: * Trigeminal Neuralgia (TN) * trauma * stroke
85
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Aka Tic Douloureux **Postmenopause women** (>50) Symptoms: * Trigger Point at specific location * **Electrical, sharp, shooting, and episodic,** followed by refractory periods * Unilateral, affects any of the 3 branches Tx: * **anticonvulsants** (Carbamazepine) * surgery
86
Atypical Odontalgia (AO)
Secondary to **deafferentation** (remove part of nerve pathway) * result of endo therapy or ext Localized Phantom Toothache
87
Postherpectic Neuralgia (PHN)
Sequela of **herpes zoster** infection Symptoms: Burning, aching, shock-like Tx: * anticonvulsants * antidepressants * sympathetic blocks
88
Burning Mouth Syndrome
**Postmenopause women** associated with: * type 2 diabetes * malnutrition * xerostomia Characteristics: * Burning pain * dryness * altered taste (maybe)
89
Chronic Headache
aka neurovascular pain Migraine: * unilateral * pulsating * nausea and vomitting * **photophobia and phonophobia** (Decreased ability to withstand sound and light) * Tx: Tripan (Selective Serotonini Receptor agonist) Tension Type: * bilateral * non-puslating * not aggravated by routine activity Cluster: * intense pain near one eye
90
Psychogenic Pain
Intrapsychic disturbance * conversion reaction * psychotic delusion * malingering
91
Atypical Pain
Facial Pain of unknown cause/diagnosis is pending
92
Indications for tooth extraction?
Caries (Severe) Endo: * major trauma--> severe internal root resorption Perio: * Severe CAL * questionable perio prognosis Ortho: * severe crowding Cracked Teeth * can't be saved by a crown Impacted Teeth Supernumerary Pathology: * significant pathology related to tooth * odontogenic cysts or infections Radiation Therapy * Extract all Questionable BEFORE * avoid risk of ORNJ (Osteoradionecrosis of the Jaw)
93
Root tip removal options
Root tip pick: Gouge into adjacent bone Remove facial bone & elevate facially Make bone windy at apex & push root out
94
Prognathic Mandible
Class III
95
Apertognathic
Anterior open bite
96
Vertical Maxillary Excess
Maxilla too long * gummy smile
97
Horizontal Transverse Discrepancy
Posterior Crossbite
98
Macrogenia
chin too big
99
Microgenia
chin too small
100
Orthognathic Surgery
correct severe skeletal discrepancies
101
Genioplasty
Move Chin
102
TMJ Anatomy
Conylar Head Mandibular (Glenoid) Fossa Articular Eminence Articular Disc Lower Joint space (inferior to disc): **Rotational Movement** Upper Joint space (Superior to disc): **Translation**
103
TMJ Muscles:
fxn: Move the mandible Opening: * Lateral Pterygoid Closing: * Masseter * Temporalis * Medial Pterygoid
104
TMJ Ligaments
fxn: lmit movement of mandible from overextending Capsular Ligament: Completely covers the TMJ Discal/Collateral Ligament: Attaches to medial and lateral poles of condyle * keeps disc attached during movement Posterior Ligament: * articular disc to back of condyle * Prevents anterior disc displacement Lateral Ligament: * Disc-->wraps around condyle * prevents posterior displacement
105
TMJ: Blood Supply
**MADS** **Maxillary** Artery **Ascending Pharyngeal** **Deep Auricular** **Superficial Temporal**
106
TMJ: Disc Displacement
Aka Internal Derangement With Reduction: * **Clicking** W/o Reduction: * **Locked** * **Condyle stuck behind the disk=decreased ROM w/ipsilateral deviation on opening**
107
TMJ Opening Patterns:
**Deflection**: * Deflects towards the side that is stuck at max opening * **Condyle only rotates, No translation **Deviation** * Deviates toward 1 side & returns back to midline at max opening
108
Recurrent Dislocation
**Move Jaw Down and Back to get over the hump of the eminence** Tx: Botox Injection of lateral pterygoid * If chronic=surgery
109
TMJ Ankylosis
Fusion b/w condyle & skull * severely restricted ROM Most common cause= **TRAUMA**
110
Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS)
Chronic Muscular Pain Disorder: * Somatic pain * **Diffuse pain in pre auricular area** * **most common cause** of masticatory pain * **Trigger points** in muscles of mastication Tx: Physical Therapy * Stress management * Splint therapy * Medications
111
TMJ: Non-surgical Tx Options
Counseling: * Address parafunctional habits Medical Therapy: * NSAIDs, Steroids, Analgesics, Antidepressants, Muscle relaxants Physical Therapy: * Transcutaneous electrical nerve stims, massage, thermal tx, exercise Occlusion: * Splint therapy to Decrease intra-articular pressure Arthocentesis: * 2 needles flush out superior joint space
112
TMJ: Surgical Tx Options
Arthroscopy: * 2 cannulas + instrumentation w/in superior joint space Arthroplasty: * Disc surgically repositioned * indicated if persistent painful clicking or closed lock Discectomy: * Disc/removal if it is severely damaged Condylotomy: * Vertical ramus osteotomy: Bone is not fixated * allows soft tissue to reposition the condyle where they are happiest Total Joint Replacement: * only for severe pathologic joints * Osteoporosis or Rheumatoid Arthritis **Be careful of Facial Nerve** For any of these surgeries
113
When is a biopsy indicated?
after 2 weeks observation of Red or White Lesion
114
Biopsy Types
1. Cytology (Brush Biopsy) 2. Fine Needle Aspiration 3. Incisional 4. Excisional
115
Cytology
Aka Brush Biopsy Scrape the lesion w/kit brush or tongue depressor * smear cells on glass slide * immediately fixed
116
Cytology: Indications
Monitoring large tissue areas for dysplastic changes
117
Cytology: Pros vs Cons
Many false positives
118
Fine Needle Aspiration
Use needle + Syringe to suck up lesion contents * fluid expelled onto slide & fixed
119
Fine Needle Aspiration: Indications
Fluid Filled Lesion Find out type of fluid *rule out vascular lesions before cutting into them Explore intraosseous lesions
120
Fine Need Aspiration: Pros vs Cons
Pros: * Good at differentiating Benign vs Malignant
121
Incisional Biopsy
Deep Narrow Wedge Cut
122
Incisional Biopsy: Indications
Large Lesions (**>1 cm diameter**) **Malignant Suspicion**
123
Excisional Biopsy
Complete excision of lesion * 2-3 mm margin * Elliptical incision used (Easier to close)
124
Excisional Biopsy: Indications
Small Lesions (**<1 cm diameter) **Benign Suspicion**
125
Biopsy Techniques
1. Form a Ddx List: Help determine type of biopsy indicated 2. Identify lesion margin w/indelible ink marker 3. use **Block Anesthesia** when you can-- Local Infiltration can distort lesion architecture 4. Dont handle tissue directly (Crush the cells)-- USE TISSUE FORCEPS 5. Sample stored in **10% Formalin (H&E Staining)** or Michaels Medium (direct immunofluorescence if pemphigoid/Pemphigus is suspected)
126
What biopsy technique would you use for: Large white patch on buccal mucosa that wipes off w/guaze and presumed to be candidiasis.
Cytology brush biopsy
127
What biopsy technique would you use for: Firm rough 2x3 cm whtie lesion on lateral tongue that does not wipe off with glaze.
Incisional Biopsy
128
What biopsy technique would you use for: Denture wearer presents w/red swelling in the buccal vestibule.
No Biopsy * adjust the denture and f/u in 2 weeks
129
Surgical Management of Cysts vs Tumors
Cysts: * Enucleation * Curettage * Marsupialization Tumors: * Enucleation * Curettage * Resection
130
Enucleation
Surgical Removal of mass w/o cutting into it or rupturing it
131
Marsupialization:
Cut slit into abscess or cyst * suture Slit edges- keep it open * drains freely Used for: * cyst close to vital structures * I&D
132
Curettage
Removal of tissue by scraping or scooping * remove granulation/infectious tissue
133
Resection
Surgical removal of cyst or tumor + Normal tissue around it
134
Medical Emergencies:
**SPORT** Stop treatment Position Patient Oxygen* Reassure (Staff and patient) Take Vitals
135
Syncope
Most common emergency in dental chair Vasovagal syncope: * Most common form * related to needle anxiety Orthostatic hypotension: * 2nd most common * BP drops when standing suddenly Tx: Place in **Tredelenburg position** (Supine) * If pregnant: **Left lateral decubitus** to relieve inferior vena cava
136
Epinephrine Overdose
=Rapid intravascular injection * Always aspirate Signs & Symptoms: * Increased BP & HR * Thumping heart palpations
137
Angina
=Chest pain from coronary arteries * Not enough blood to heart * ischemia w/o necrosis Stable: * Predictable w/activity and stress Unstable: * Spontaneous * no precipitating factors, at rest Tx: **ONA** * Oxygen * Nitroglycerin (0.4mg)-> 5 mins-> NTG-> 5 mins-> NTG * Aspirin (w/3rd dose of NTG + Call 911)
138
Myocardial Infarction
Aka Heart Attack =Angina caused by ischemia w/necrosis * sudden occlusion of major coronary vessel (Offend L Anterior Descending Artery, LAD) Tx: **MONA** * Morphine * Oxygen * Nitroglycerin(0.4mg)-> 5 mins-> NTG-> 5 mins-> NTG * Aspirin (w/3rd dose of NTG + call 911)
139
Hypoglycemic Emergency
Ensure patient has eaten, and has had adequate insulin Tx: * IF conscious: Glucose tab or orange juice * If Unconscious: IV Dextrose or IM Glucagon
140
Hyperventilation
Increase O2 Decrease CO2 in blood **Do NOT give O2, it will make it worse** Tx: * Position patient upright * Get them to create into a **paper bag** (They rebreathe their CO2)
141
Asthma
=Constriction + Inflammation of bronchioles * wheezing= high pitch on exhale (Cardinal Sign) * **Avoid NSAIDs and Narcotics** Tx: * 2 puffs of **Albutterol**: * relaxes smooth muscle in bronchioles
142
Airway Obstruction
Tx: 1. **Clear the pharynx** of any food, vomit, or foreign object 2. **Check for breathing** (rise and fall of chest, sounds in mouth/nose) 3. **Chin tilt** -->protrudes tongue and mandible forward
143
Seizure/Convulsions
**Do not restrain, just clear hazards to protect from injury** Tx: * **IV/IM Benzos** (Diazepam) * **Grand Mal Seizure**: Dilantin/Phenytoin * **Status Epilepticus** (>5 mins): Valium/Diazepam
144
Stroke
TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack * Mini stroke * Blood to brain blocked for few mins CVA: Cerebrovascular accident * either Thrombotic (Blockage) or Hemorrhagic (Rupture) Causes: * **Hypoatremia** Signs: * Facial droop * arm lift * slur Tx: O2 + Call 911 immediately
145
Anaphylactic Shock
=Severe Allergic Run Tx: **AEIOU** * Albuterol * Epinephrine (0.3mg 1:1000) * IM antihistamine * Oxygen * U call 911
146
Anticoagulation: Blood Tests
Check Blood Tests: CBC: Anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia Bleeding Time: Platelet Fxn PT: * Anticoagulants, liver damage, Vit K-> Extrinsic Clotting Pathway * INR->Warfarin/Coumadin, INR=2-3 Ideally PTT: Heparin, Renal Dialysis, Hemophilia->Intrinsic Clotting Pathway
147
What medication can predispose someone to alveolar osteitis?
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
148
Supraperiosteal Flap
Incision in Buccal mucosa from premolar to premolar * does not include periostium=partial thickness flap * **Vestibuloplasty**
149
Herbal Anticoagulants
* **Garlic, Ginger, Ginko, Ginseng**
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