Organic Flashcards
(23 cards)
Alkane
R–H; suffix: -ane
Alkene
R–CH=CH–R; suffix: -ene
Alkyne
R–C≡C–R; suffix: -yne
Alcohol
R–OH; suffix: -ol
Ether
R–O–R’; no suffix, use ‘ether’
Aldehyde
R–CHO; suffix: -al
Ketone
R–CO–R’; suffix: -one
Carboxylic Acid
R–COOH; suffix: -oic acid
Ester
R–COO–R’; suffix: -oate
Amine
R–NH₂ or R₂NH; suffix: -amine
Amide
R–CONH₂; suffix: -amide
Halogenoalkane
R–X (X = F, Cl, Br, I); prefix: halo-
Nitrile
R–C≡N; suffix: -nitrile
What factors affect the boiling point of a substance?
Factors include molecular size, molecular forces (Van der Waals, hydrogen bonds), and branching. Larger molecules or straight chains typically have higher boiling points.
How does branching affect the boiling point of alkanes?
Branching decreases the surface area available for intermolecular forces, thus lowering the boiling point of the substance.
How does intermolecular force strength relate to boiling point?
Stronger intermolecular forces (e.g., hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole) result in a higher boiling point due to stronger attractions between molecules.
What is the definition of concentration?
Concentration is the amount of solute in a given volume of solution, commonly expressed as moles per liter (mol/L).
How do you calculate concentration?
Concentration (mol/L) = moles of solute / volume of solution in liters.
How does concentration affect the rate of chemical reactions?
Higher concentration of reactants generally increases the rate of reaction as there are more particles to collide and react.
What is pH?
pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, defined as pH = -log[H⁺], where [H⁺] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.
How do you determine whether a solution is acidic, basic, or neutral?
A solution is acidic if pH < 7, basic if pH > 7, and neutral if pH = 7.
How do you calculate the pH of a solution from the concentration of H⁺ ions?
pH = -log[H⁺], where [H⁺] is the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
How does pH relate to the concentration of OH⁻ ions in a solution?
pH and pOH are related by the equation pH + pOH = 14. If you know the concentration of OH⁻, you can calculate pH by first finding pOH and then using this equation.
