Organic chem Flashcards by Hector .

Isomers with 4 C

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Isomers with 5C

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isomers with 6 C

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Isomers with 7C

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Isomers with 8 C

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Isomers with 9C

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Isomers with 10 C

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Resonance effect

Effect due to resonance, if charged centers are developed

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e’ donating grps

CH3, NH2, NR2, NHR, OH, OR, X

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e’ withdrawing grps

CHO, CO, COOH, CN, COX, CONH2, COOR, NO, NO2

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Inductive effect

Polarisation produced in a σbond due to diff in e’ -veity b/n atoms

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I effect inversely prop to

dist b/n atms

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-I effect order

NR3>NO2>CN>SO3H>CHO>COOH>F>Cl>Br>I>OH>NH2

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Hyperconjugation

Migration of Ch σ bond e of sp3 to sp2

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Hyperconjugation also known as

Baker Nathen effect

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H.C prop to

No of α H
stability of C+
3>2>1*

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Electromeric effect

If attacking reagent comes to same C, to which the π e’s migrate, it is +E effect, otherwise -E effect

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Huckel’s rule

Cmpd must be cyclic, planar, conjugated, have 4n+2 π e’s

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Effects order

Aromatic>+R>+HC>+I

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Carbenes

Neutral e’ deficient reactive

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Polar protic solvents

Solvent which can give H+ like ROH, H2O, RCOOH

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Sublimable solids

Camphor, iodine, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, indigo, anthracene, hexachloroethane

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Non sublimable solids

sand and salt

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Benzoic acid & napthalene can be separated by

crystallisation

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salicylic acid & aspirin can be separated by

Crystallization

Anthracene & urea can be separated by

crystallization

If very little OC is in large vol of solu we use

differential extraction

Benzene & nitrobenzene can be separated by

simple distillation

acetone & propanol can be separated by

simple distillatio

For simple distillation

cmpd should be volatile, no decomposition at high T, large diff in BP

If diff in BP is low we use

fractional distillation

For fractional distillation

cmpd must be volatile, no decom at high T, BP diff must be less

Crude oil can be separated by

Fractional distil

amines can be separated by

Fractional distil

ethanol & acetone can be separated by

fractional distil

If cmpd decomposes at high T, we use

Steam distil

For steam distil,

cmpd must be steam volatile, immiscible with water

salicylaldehyde & p hydroxybenzaldehyde can be separated by

steam distil

essential oils can be separated by

steam distil

If cmpd is not steam volatile & immiscible with water we use

distillation under reduced press or vacuum distil

Glycerol in spentlye can be separated by

vacuum disil

sugar can be separated by

vacuum disil

Column chromatography is

acc to gravity

Thin layer chromatography is

against gravity like capillary rise

Adsorbent

site at which adsorption takes place

adsorbent eg

SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, starch, charcoal

Adsorbate

particles undergoing adsorption

Stationary phase

adsorbents

Mobile phase

solvent like benzene, toluene, CHCl3, CCl4

Retention factor r(f) =

Dist travelled by each component/dist travelled by solvent front from baseline

Partition chromatography

water act as stationary phase

Amino acids can be separated by

partition chrom

proteins can be separated by

partition chrom

Visualizing agents

UV lamp, I2 vapours in I2 chamber

test for C & H

OG + CuO gives CO2 + H2O turns lime water milky and forms blue ppt of CuSO4.5H2O

Lassaigne's test for

N,S,X

Lassaigne's test

OC + Na gives NaCN/Na2S/NaX/NaSCN

For N

Prussian blue ppt of Fe4[FeCN6] from NaCN

Which doesn't give blue ppt

Diazonium salt, diazomethane, hydrazine, NH2OH

For S

Na2S + CH3COOH with sodium nitroprusside gives purple sod. thionitroprusside with Pb(CH3COO)2 gives black PbS with Cd(CH3COO)2 gives yellow CdS

For X

AgCl gives white with AgNO3 - soluble AgBr gives pale yellow - partially soluble AgI - yellow - insoluble

For elimination of CN & S

NaCN/Na2S + HNO3 boil

NaSCN with CH3COOH + FeCl3

Blood red ppt [FeSCN]2+

For C & H

Liebig

For N

Duma's & Kjeldahl's method

CxHyNz + CuO heat gives

xCO2 + y/2H2O + z/2N2

Vstp =

[P(T) - P(H2O)]V1 x 273/760xT1

%N =

28/22400 x Vstp(mL) x 100/W

Limitation of Kjeldahl's method

Can't estimate nitrobenzene, azo & diazo cmpds

For X

Carius method

At. wt of X x W(AgX) x 100/MM of AgX x W(oc)

For S

Carius method

32xW(BaSO4)x100/233W(oc)

31W(o)x100/1877W(oc)

BP prop

No of C

Reactivity of H prop

stability of free radical(3*>2*>1*)

Reactivity of X

F2>Cl2>Br2>I2

Which will only react with KMnO4 to give alcohol

3* alc

n-hexane to benzene

Cr2O3 773K, 10-20atm

Stability of conformations

Staggered>skew>eclipsed

CaC2 + H2O

CHCH

alkynes stability

3*>2*>1*

CHCH to C6H6

red hot Fe 873K

C6H6 to Gammahexane

3Cl2 hν/500K

Gammahexane also called

Lindane

Organic chem Flashcards

(85 cards)