organic chem

Question 1

Crude oil

Answer 1

Crude oil is a mixture of compounds; a fossil fuel consisting of the remains of ancient biomass. Finite resource - cannot be replaced as it is used up.

Question 2

Hydrocarbon

Answer 2

A compound made up exclusively of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Question 3

Alkanes

Answer 3

Saturated hydrocarbons of a general formula CnH2n+2.

Question 4

Homologous series

Answer 4

Series of compounds with same general formula

Question 5

Combustion of hydrocarbons

Answer 5

Exothermic reaction occurring when hydrocarbons are reacted with oxygen. Complete combustion produces carbon dioxide and water (carbon and hydrogen atoms are completely oxidised). Incomplete combustion produces carbon or carbon monoxide and water.

Question 6

Physical properties of alkanes

Answer 6

First few in series are gases

Question 7

Fractional distillation of crude oil

Answer 7

Crude oil is heated and vaporised. Vapor rises up the fractionating column (tower). The column is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top. Hydrocarbons cool as they go up the column and condense at different heights

Question 8

Cracking

Answer 8

When large hydrocarbons are thermally broken down into smaller and useful molecules.

Question 9

Type of reaction for cracking

Answer 9

Thermal decomposition.

Question 10

Conditions for cracking

Answer 10

Reactant heated to vapor

Question 11

Products of cracking

Answer 11

The products are alkanes and alkenes - used as polymers and starting materials for synthesis.

Question 12

Alkene

Answer 12

Unsaturated hydrocarbon. Contains a C=C bond. General formula for alkenes is: CnH2n.

Question 13

Test for alkenes

Answer 13

Add bromine water. Colour change occurs from orange to colourless.

Question 14

Combustion of alkenes

Answer 14

They burn with smoky flames due to incomplete combustion.

Question 15

Addition reactions of alkenes

Answer 15

Addition atoms across the carbon-carbon double bond so that the double bond becomes a single carbon-carbon bond.

Question 16

Hydrogenation

Answer 16

Addition of hydrogen; requires a higher temperature and a nickel catalyst.

Question 17

Hydration

Answer 17

Addition of steam; requires high temperature

Question 18

Addition of halogens

Answer 18

Addition of Br2/Cl2/I2.

Question 19

Alcohol

Answer 19

An organic compound that contains an -OH functional group.

Question 20

Characteristics of methanol

Answer 20

ethanol

Question 21

Oxidation of alcohols

Answer 21

Leads to carboxylic acids.

Question 22

Uses of alcohols

Answer 22

• Fuels - Solvents - Drinks

Question 23

Conditions for fermentation of glucose

Answer 23

30 degrees Celsius

Question 24

Equation of fermentation of glucose

Answer 24

C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2.

Question 25

Carboxylic acids

Answer 25

Organic compounds that contain a COOH functional group.

Question 26

Characteristics of carboxylic acids

Answer 26

- Dissolve in water to form an acidic solution (contains H+ ions) - React with metal carbonates to form carbon dioxide - React with alcohols with an acid catalyst to produce esters - React with metals to give off hydrogen gas.

Question 27

Type of acid is carboxylic acid

Answer 27

It is a weak acid.

Question 28

Why carboxylic acids are weak acids

Answer 28

They are partially dissociated in water

Question 29

Ester

Answer 29

An organic compound containing a -COO- functional group

Question 30

Characteristics of esters

Answer 30

They have a fruity smell.

Question 31

Polymer

Answer 31

A substance formed from many repeating units

Question 32

Polymer

Answer 32

A long chain molecule which is made by lots of smaller molecules joining together.

Question 33

Addition polymerisation

Answer 33

A reaction where C=C bonds open up and many smaller molecules (monomers) join together to form a chain (a polymer). No other products are made.

Question 34

Polyethene

Answer 34

A type of addition polymer used for plastic bags.

Question 35

PTFE

Answer 35

(Poly)tetrafluoroethene

Question 36

PVC

Answer 36

(Poly)chloroethene

Question 37

Repeating unit of a polymer

Answer 37

The smallest structure which

Question 38

Condensation polymer

Answer 38

A polymer made in condensation polymerisation

Question 39

Polyester

Answer 39

An example of a condensation polymer

Question 40

Polyamide

Answer 40

An example of a condensation polymer

Question 41

Amide bond

Answer 41

A bond similar to the ester bond

Question 42

Amino acid

Answer 42

An organic compound that contains both a carboxylic acid functionality (COOH) and an amine functional group (-NH2).

Question 43

Proteins

Answer 43

Polymers made of amino acids (monomers) formed by numerous condensation polymerisation reactions.

Question 44

Polypeptides

Answer 44

Chains made by condensation polymerisation of amino acids

Question 45

Carbohydrates

Answer 45

Organic molecules made of C

Question 46

Starch

Answer 46

A polymer made of glucose monomers.

Question 47

Cellulose

Answer 47

A polymer made of glucose monomers

Question 48

DNA

Answer 48

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 49

DNA structure

Answer 49

Made of two polymer chains held together in a double helix