using_recources

Question 1

Sustainable development

Answer 1

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Question 2

Potable water production in the UK

Answer 2

Potable water is produced by choosing an appropriate source of fresh water

Question 3

Sterilising agents for potable water

Answer 3

Sterilising agents used for potable water include chlorine

Question 4

Desalination

Answer 4

Desalination can be done by distillation or by processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis. These processes require large amounts of energy.

Question 5

Reverse osmosis

Answer 5

Sea water is passed through a membrane that only allows through the water molecules. It needs high pressure to push the water through the membrane. The high pressure requires a lot of energy to produce.

Question 6

Wastewater production and treatment

Answer 6

Urban lifestyles and industrial processes produce large amounts of waste water that require treatment before being released into the environment. Sewage and agricultural waste water require removal of organic matter and harmful microbes. Industrial waste water may require removal of organic matter and harmful chemicals.

Question 7

Processes involved in sewage treatment

Answer 7

Sewage treatment includes screening and grit removal

Question 8

New methods of mining

Answer 8

New methods of mining avoid the disadvantages of traditional mining methods of digging

Question 9

Phytomining

Answer 9

Phytomining uses plants to absorb metal compounds from the soil. The plants are harvested and then burned to produce ash that contains the metal compounds.

Question 10

Bioleaching

Answer 10

Bioleaching uses bacteria to produce leachate solutions that contain metal compounds.

Question 11

Advantages and disadvantages of phytomining and bioleaching

Answer 11

The main advantage and disadvantage of these methods are not specified in the notes.

Question 12

Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)

Answer 12

LCAs are carried out to assess the environmental impact of products in each of these stages: extracting and processing raw materials

Question 13

Resource Reduction

Answer 13

The reduction in use

Question 14

Advantages of Recycling

Answer 14

Advantages of recycling include less acid rain (pollution)

Question 15

Disadvantages of Recycling

Answer 15

Disadvantages of recycling include collection problems

Question 16

Corrosion

Answer 16

Corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment

Question 17

Corrosion Prevention

Answer 17

Corrosion can be prevented by applying a coating that acts as a barrier

Question 18

Sacrificial Protection

Answer 18

Some coatings are reactive and may contain corrosion inhibitors or a more reactive metal. If two metals are in contact

Question 19

Bronze

Answer 19

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin

Question 20

Brass

Answer 20

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc used for producing water taps and door fittings.

Question 21

Gold

Answer 21

Gold used as jewellery is usually an alloy with silver

Question 22

Aluminium-Magnesium Alloys

Answer 22

Aluminium-magnesium alloys are low density and used in aerospace manufacturing.

Question 23

Steels

Answer 23

Steels are alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals. High carbon steel is strong but brittle

Question 24

Properties of Polymers

Answer 24

The properties of polymers depend on what monomers they are made from and the conditions under which they are made.

Question 25

Low Density Poly(ethene)

Answer 25

Low density (LD) poly(ethene) is produced from ethene using specific catalysts and reaction conditions.

Question 26

High Density Poly(ethene)

Answer 26

High density (HD) poly(ethene) is produced from ethene using different catalysts and reaction conditions.

Question 27

Thermosetting polymers

Answer 27

Do not melt on heating; polymer molecules are linked by strong cross-links.

Question 28

Thermosoftening polymers

Answer 28

Soften easily on heating and can be remoulded

Question 29

Soda-lime glass

Answer 29

Most common glass made by heating a mixture of sand

Question 30

Borosilicate glass

Answer 30

Made from sand and boron trioxide; melts at higher temperatures than soda-lime glass.

Question 31

Clay ceramics

Answer 31

Made by shaping wet clay and then heating in a furnace.

Question 32

Composites

Answer 32

Fibres or fragments of one material (reinforcement) are surrounded by a binder/matrix material.

Question 33

Fibreglass

Answer 33

A composite made of glass fibres bound together in a polymer

Question 34

Haber process

Answer 34

A method to produce ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gases

Question 35

Haber process temperature

Answer 35

Operates at about 450 °C; a compromise between rate and yield.

Question 36

Haber process pressure

Answer 36

Operates at about 200 atm; a compromise between yield and cost of energy.

Question 37

Ammonia

Answer 37

Used for the production of nitrogen-containing fertilisers.

Question 38

NPK fertilisers

Answer 38

Contain compounds of nitrogen

Question 39

Industrial production of NPK fertilisers

Answer 39

Achieved by using ammonia to manufacture ammonium salts through reactions with requisite acids.

Question 40

Ammonium sulfate production

Answer 40

2 NH3 + H2SO4 → (NH4)2SO4.

Question 41

Ammonium phosphate production

Answer 41

2 NH3 + H3PO4 → (NH4)3PO4.

Question 42

Ammonium nitrate production

Answer 42

NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3.

Question 43

Nitric acid production

Answer 43

Made from ammonia.

Question 44

Phosphate rock utilization

Answer 44

Reacted with nitric acid to produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate.

Question 45

Phosphate rock reaction with sulfuric acid

Answer 45

Produces a mixture of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate.

Question 46

Phosphate rock reaction with phosphoric acid

Answer 46

Produces calcium phosphate.