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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Arrenium Ion

A

Carbocation ion intermideate in Nitration, sulfonation, alkylation, acylation, and halogentation

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2
Q

When there are 3+ carbons in a linear line why happens in a alkylation?

A

They get rearranged

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3
Q

What does Zn(Hg)/HCl reagent do?

A

Gets rid of carbonyls

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4
Q

If a molecule has an activating and deactivating substitutents which takes precedence?

A

Activating!

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5
Q

Br2/Light attacks

A

Most stable Radical

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6
Q

Peroxide initiators make how many polymers?

A

1

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7
Q

What functional group is VERY unreactive in substations?

A

Amides

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8
Q

Do amides under go acid-base reactions?

A

Yes

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9
Q

HIO4- periodic acid, what does it do?

A

Cleaves at OH groups that are right by each other and oxides them into ketones or aldehydes

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10
Q

What is tollen’s Test?

A

Detect either Aldehyde or Hydroxy alpha Ketone

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11
Q

What does 2, 4 DNP detect?

A

Carbonyl Group

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12
Q

IR frequency range for OH

A

3200-3500

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13
Q

IR frequency range for NH

A

3100-3550

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14
Q

IR frequency range for CH

A

2700-3300

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15
Q

IR frequency range for C=C

A

1600-1680

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16
Q

IR frequency range for C=O

A

1630-1820

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17
Q

What occurs in haloform Reaction

A
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18
Q

Diffences between Enatomers, Epimers, Steroisomers, Diasteromers

A

Enatomers- Chiral molecule no superimposedable

Epimers- diasteromers with the chiral center only difference

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19
Q

What is the equation for Hydrogen Defiencey?

A
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20
Q

What kind of compound do Br2/CCl4 and cold dilute KMnO4 react with?

A
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21
Q

What do Aldol Reactions do?

A
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22
Q

Aldol Reactions + Heat=

A
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23
Q

What does IR work with?

A
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24
Q

What does a amides, primary and secondary amines react with?

A
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25
What do enamines and imines look like?
26
What are Lactones?
27
Aldehyde + acid=
Aldol Reaction
28
What happens when Cl2 is in excess with a molecule?
29
Explain Decarboylation
30
What occurs in Grinard Reaction?
31
Name Poor Leaving Groups
32
What are the signaling areas of NMR
33
N+1 rule
If a hydrogen has n hydrogens nonequivalent to it but equivalent among themselves on the same or adjacent atom(s), its 1H-NMR signal is split into (n 1 1) peaks.
34
What are the signals for C-NMR vs H-NMR?
35
Differences between vinyl and allyl
36
Structure of Methylene
37
What are fischer projections of horizontal and vertical lines?
38
Is alcohol soulbe in water?
39
Do alkyl groups dissolve in water?
No, nonplar and do not readily dissolve in polr solvents
40
What are consitutional isomers?
Same molecular formula but different connectivity
41
What are enantiomers?
Chairal objects that are not superimposable mirror images have the same chemical and physical properties except optical activity
42
What is optical activity
43
What are Diastereomers?
Type of a stereoisomer, two or more stereoisomers of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent (related) stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other.
44
What kind of solvents do SN2 reaction like?
Polar Aprotic solvents: DMSO
45
What solevents do Sn1 reactions like?
Polar protic solvents: H20, Formic Acid, Ethanol, Methanol, Acetic Acid
46
What are isomers?
47
What are strutural Isomers
48
What are geometric isomers?
49
What are polysubtituted = bonds?
50
What does chiral mean?
51
What does achiral mean?
52
Is there optical activity if there is a plane of symmetry in the molecule?
No it is optical inactive even thought there are chiral carbons
53
What is Dextrorotatory and levorotatory?
D- compound that rotates the plan of polarized light to the right(clockwise) indicated by + L- compound that rotates the plane of polarized light to the left(counter clockwise) indicated by -
54
What is the specific rotation equation?
specific rotation= observed rotation/(concentration(gml)xlength(dm))
55
What is a racemic mixture?
Equal mixtures of dextrorotatory and levorotatory. Rotations cancel each other out so no optical activity
56
Equation for possible steroisomers
2N N=chiral centers
57
What is a meso compound?
Have meirror impages that is superimposable but they are NOT optically active
58
What does staggered(anti) mean in Newman projections?
Group 180 degrees from each otehr, no overlap, give most space, minimize stereochemistry, least amount of energy
59
What does gauche mean in Newman projections?
60 degree apart, another type of staggered conformation
60
What is eclipse formation in Newman Projectionss?
When Anti goes to gauche it goes through this formation. Most energy, groups are aligned with each other.
61
What are aromatic compounds?
cyclic, planar and conatain (4n+2)π electrons
62
what are the three seps to radical reaction?
Intiation, propagation, termination
63
What is termination in radical reaction?
when two radicals combine, forming a compound with an even number of electrons Decreaser the number of free radicals Decreases reaction rate until the reaction stops
64
What happens when an ester is reduced?
They are split at the OH and O group. Then both turned into alcohols.
65
What are the bond types, hybridizations and angles?
C-C, single, sigma, sp3, 109.5 degrees C=C, sigma pi, 120 degrees, sp2 C tripleC, sigma 2pi, 180 degree, sp
66
What is the most stable isomers confomation?
Chair or boat
67
Details of Sn1 reaction
2 step like tertiary molecules best rate=k[RX], first rate order Racemic products, optically active DOES NOT require a strong nucleophile: whater alcohols amines
68
Details of a Sn2 reaction
1 step reaction likes methyl the best rate=k[Nu][RX], 2nd order reaction Optically Active products Inverted product LOVEs strong nucelophiles
69
What is extraction purfication method?
separtes aqueous and organic solvents with a separtory funnel
70
What purfication method is used for filtration?
Separates solids and liquids using a vacuum filtration
71
When is chromatography used?
Uses stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate compounds based on polarity and or size uses thin layer and column
72
When is sublimation used as a purification method?
separates solids based on their ablity to sublime
73
When is distillation used in purificaiton?
Separtes liquids based on boiling point uses simple( 25 degree diff in boiling point), vacuum( 25 degrees apart and under reduced pressure) and fractional(small difference in boiling point)
74
When is recrystallization used as purfication method?
Separates solids based on differential solubility in varying temperatures
75
When is electrophoresis used as a purfication method?
Separate biological marcromolecules based on size and or charge
76
What is initiation in free radical halogentation?
Free radical gets unpared by heat or light
77
What is propagation in free radical halogenation?
Radical makes another radical to continue reaction radical removed by hydrgoen
78
What is pyrolysis?
Cracking Molecule broken down by heat can increace production of desired compound
79
What is disproportionation?
Radical transfer a hydrogen atom to another radical alkane to alkene
80
What does it mean when nucelophiles are a strong base?
They are a strong nucleophile Strongest: O-, HO- Weak: H2O, ROH
81
What do E1 reaction depend on?
2 step depend on concetration high polar solvent subsituted carbon good leaving group weak nuculeophil concentration
82
Define E2 reactions
makes two products steric henderence not an issue can react with everything but METHYL likes strong bases polarity of solvent reduced polar aprotic solvent like bulky nucleophiles
83
What is the tallest peak in Mass spec?
Base peak
84
What is a Witting Rxn
takes aldeh/ketone to alkene yilde/phosporane-caroanion w/nucioplhic property
85
What is saponificaiton?
fats hydrolized under basic condtions It is in esters
86
What is gas chromotography?
Qualitative separtation vapor In column Gas goes at different rates and absorbes at different degrees
87
What is high pressure liquid chromatography?
Pressure to high profomence go through columns and detcted
88
What does mass spec detect?
Distinguish between certain compounds breaks molecules up into fragments by shooting high beem electrons
89
What does amphoteric mean?
Means either acids/bases depends on enviroment acidic fully protenatied base neutral
90
What is a primary protein?
A chain of amino acids that are covalently bonded
91
What is a Secondary protein?
H Bond bw peptide chain: Alpha helix- stablized by hydrogen bonding bw carbonyl o and amine H, interact with enviroment ex: keratin Beta Pleated sheets: heled together by H bonding bq carbonyl and amine H
92
What is a tertiary protein?
3D shape either hydrophilic or hydrophobilic can have kinks in chain Hydrophilic-outside protien w/ aq enviroment hydrophonic- close together in aq enviroment Fibrous proteins: collagen Globular proteins- myoglobin
93
What is a quatenary protein
1+ polypetide subunit how they are arranged ex hemoglobein
94
Soap formation Reaction
Makes salt soluble and nonpolar(tail) and polar(head) Micelles- happens in h20 help remove dirt
95
What is a Wolff Kishner reduction?
Reacts its with H2NNH2, heat and base makes alkane
96
What is a meso compound?
Have meirror impages that is superimposable but they are NOT optically active
97
What does staggered(anti) mean in Newman projections?
Group 180 degrees from each otehr, no overlap, give most space, minimize stereochemistry, least amount of energy
98
What does gauche mean in Newman projections?
60 degree apart, another type of staggered conformation
99
What is eclipse formation in Newman Projectionss?
When Anti goes to gauche it goes through this formation. Most energy, groups are aligned with each other.
100
What are aromatic compounds?
cyclic, planar and conatain (4n+2)π electrons
101
what are the three seps to radical reaction?
Intiation, propagation, termination
102
What is termination in radical reaction?
when two radicals combine, forming a compound with an even number of electrons Decreaser the number of free radicals Decreases reaction rate until the reaction stops
103
What happens when an ester is reduced?
They are split at the OH and O group. Then both turned into alcohols.
104
What are the bond types, hybridizations and angles?
C-C, single, sigma, sp3, 109.5 degrees C=C, sigma pi, 120 degrees, sp2 C tripleC, sigma 2pi, 180 degree, sp
105
What is the most stable isomers confomation?
Chair or boat
106
Details of Sn1 reaction
2 step like tertiary molecules best rate=k[RX], first rate order Racemic products, optically active DOES NOT require a strong nucleophile: whater alcohols amines
107
Details of a Sn2 reaction
1 step reaction likes methyl the best rate=k[Nu][RX], 2nd order reaction Optically Active products Inverted product LOVEs strong nucelophiles
108
What is extraction purfication method?
separtes aqueous and organic solvents with a separtory funnel
109
What purfication method is used for filtration?
Separates solids and liquids using a vacuum filtration
110
When is chromatography used?
Uses stationary phase and a mobile phase to separate compounds based on polarity and or size uses thin layer and column
111
When is sublimation used as a purification method?
separates solids based on their ablity to sublime
112
When is distillation used in purificaiton?
Separtes liquids based on boiling point uses simple( 25 degree diff in boiling point), vacuum( 25 degrees apart and under reduced pressure) and fractional(small difference in boiling point)
113
When is recrystallization used as purfication method?
Separates solids based on differential solubility in varying temperatures
114
When is electrophoresis used as a purfication method?
Separate biological marcromolecules based on size and or charge
115
What is initiation in free radical halogentation?
Free radical gets unpared by heat or light
116
What is propagation in free radical halogenation?
Radical makes another radical to continue reaction radical removed by hydrgoen
117
What is pyrolysis?
Cracking Molecule broken down by heat can increace production of desired compound
118
What is disproportionation?
Radical transfer a hydrogen atom to another radical alkane to alkene
119
What does it mean when nucelophiles are a strong base?
They are a strong nucleophile Strongest: O-, HO- Weak: H2O, ROH
120
What do E1 reaction depend on?
2 step depend on concetration high polar solvent subsituted carbon good leaving group weak nuculeophil concentration
121
Define E2 reactions
makes two products steric henderence not an issue can react with everything but METHYL likes strong bases polarity of solvent reduced polar aprotic solvent like bulky nucleophiles
122
What is the tallest peak in Mass spec?
Base peak
123
What is a Witting Rxn
takes aldeh/ketone to alkene yilde/phosporane-caroanion w/nucioplhic property
124
What is saponificaiton?
fats hydrolized under basic condtions It is in esters
125
What is gas chromotography?
Qualitative separtation vapor In column Gas goes at different rates and absorbes at different degrees
126
What is high pressure liquid chromatography?
Pressure to high profomence go through columns and detcted
127
What does mass spec detect?
Distinguish between certain compounds breaks molecules up into fragments by shooting high beem electrons
128
What does amphoteric mean?
Means either acids/bases depends on enviroment acidic fully protenatied base neutral
129
What is a primary protein?
A chain of amino acids that are covalently bonded
130
What is a Secondary protein?
H Bond bw peptide chain: Alpha helix- stablized by hydrogen bonding bw carbonyl o and amine H, interact with enviroment ex: keratin Beta Pleated sheets: heled together by H bonding bq carbonyl and amine H
131
What is a tertiary protein?
3D shape either hydrophilic or hydrophobilic can have kinks in chain Hydrophilic-outside protien w/ aq enviroment hydrophonic- close together in aq enviroment Fibrous proteins: collagen Globular proteins- myoglobin
132
What is a quatenary protein
1+ polypetide subunit how they are arranged ex hemoglobein
133
Soap formation Reaction
Makes salt soluble and nonpolar(tail) and polar(head) Micelles- happens in h20 help remove dirt
134
What is a Wolff Kishner reduction?
Reacts its with H2NNH2, heat and base makes alkane

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