Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Carbon facts

Answer 1

Valance of 4
Readily gain more valence electrons
Can form strong covalent bonds
Can form long chains, branched molecules and rings

Question 2

Organic molecules and types

Answer 2

Contain carbon
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleotides/nucleic acids

Question 3

Carbohydrates Function

Answer 3

Source of chemical energy, energy released when carbohydrates are broken down is used to produce ATP

Question 4

Categories of Carbohydrates

Answer 4

Monosaccarides
Disaccarides
Polysaccharides

Question 5

Monosaccharides

Answer 5

simple carbohydrates that contain 3-7 carbon atoms

e.g glucose and fructose

Question 6

Disaccarides

Answer 6

Molecules that are formed by joining two monosaccharides together e.g Sucrose from glucose and fructose

Question 7

Polysaccharides

Answer 7

Molecules that are formed by joining together 10-100s of monosaccharides (usually insoluble in water)

Question 8

Types of polysaccharides

Answer 8

Glycogen
Starches
Cellulose

Question 9

Glycogen

Answer 9

Composed entirely of glucose molecules linked in a branching chain
Produced by liver when glucose is plentiful as energy store
Broken down when energy is needed

Question 10

Starches

Answer 10

Produced by plants
Made of glucose molecules
Broken down by the body to release glucose

Question 11

Cellulose

Answer 11

Produced by plants
Produced by joining glucose molecules together
can not be broken down by the digestive system

Question 12

Lipids

Answer 12

Made of fatty acids and are insoluble in water

Question 13

Fatty acids

Answer 13

Comprise of a chain of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl (acid) group on one end and methyl group on the other with hydrogens bonded along the sides

Question 14

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 14

Carbons atoms that are saturated with hydrogen (no double or triple bonds)

Question 15

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 15

Contains a double or triple carbon bonds

Question 16

Monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 16

One double covalent bond

Question 17

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 17

More than one double covalent bond

Question 18

Triglycrides

Answer 18

Consists of three fatty acids (any combination) attached to a single glycerol molecule

Question 19

Fat

Answer 19

Triglyceride that is solid at room temperature
Mainly saturated fatty acids
(saturated fat)

Question 20

Oil

Answer 20

Triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature

Mainly unsaturated fatty acids

Question 21

Phospholipids

Answer 21

Contain a glycerol core with two fatty acids and modified phosphate group

Question 22

Steroids

Answer 22

Composed of 4 rings each made of carbon atoms

Question 23

Eicosanoids

Answer 23

Derived from arachidonic acid (fatty acid)
Hormone-like chemical signals between cells with important roles in inflammation, blood clotting, hormone action, labour contractions and blood vessel diameter

Question 24

Fat soluble vitamines

Answer 24

A, D, E and K

Question 25

Function of proteins

Answer 25

Enzymes - catalase chemical reactions Form machinery involved in muscle contractions Form antibodies to detect invading microbes

Question 26

Amino acids

Answer 26

Simple compounds that make proteins. They contain an amine group, carboxyl group, hydrogen and side chain (changes type)

Question 27

Number of different amino acids

Answer 27

20

Question 28

Peptide bond

Answer 28

Bond between two amino acids. | Formed between carboxyl group of one and nitrogen atom (amino group) of another.

Question 29

Dipeptide

Answer 29

two amino acids joined together

Question 30

Tripeptide

Answer 30

Three amino acids joined together

Question 31

Polypeptide

Answer 31

Tens to thousands of amino acids joined together

Question 32

Primary structure of protein

Answer 32

Unique sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide

Question 33

Secondary structure of protein

Answer 33

The repeated twists and folds that they polypeptide undergoes. Held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 34

Tertiary structure of protein

Answer 34

3D shape that proteins form

Question 35

Quaternary structure of protein

Answer 35

The combination of different polypeptides to form a single functional protein

Question 36

Denaturation

Answer 36

Breaking down a proteins 3D shape which alters its ability to function

Question 37

What can denature an enzyme?

Answer 37

Changes in temp, pH

Question 38

Nucleic acids

Answer 38

Genetic material in cells e.g DNA and RNA

Question 39

Nucleotide and components

Answer 39

Basic structural unit of nucleic acids Nitrogenous base Sugar composed of 5 Carbons Phosphate group

Question 40

DNA nitrogenous bases

Answer 40

Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine

Question 41

Structure of DNA

Answer 41

Two stands of DNA interact to form a double helix | Nitrogenous bases in one DNA strand form Hydrogen bonds with nitrogenous bases

Question 42

RNA facts and types

Answer 42

``` Uracil instead of thymine Ribose sugar group Messenager Ribosomal Transfer ```

Question 43

How energy is released in the body

Answer 43

Bond of second and third phosphate groups of ATP is broken energy is released The molecule of ADP can be recharged by using food energy to reattach the third phosphate