Organic I

Question 1

What is general formula? (2)

Answer 1

• Algebraic formula (1)
• E.G. CnH2n+2 (Alkane) (1)

Question 2

What is molecular and empirical formula? (3)

Answer 2

• Molecular is the actual number of atoms (1)
• Empirical is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms (1)
• E.G. Ethane is C2H6 but empirical is CH3 (1)

Question 3

What is structural formula? (2)

Answer 3

• Arrangement of atoms without showing all bonds (1)
• E.G. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH is Butan-1-ol (1)

Question 4

What is skeletal formula? (2)

Answer 4

• Shows bonds of carbon skeleton only and functional group (1)
• /\/\OH is Butan-1-ol (1)

Question 5

What is displayed formula (1)

Answer 5

• Shows arrangement of all bonds and atoms (1)

Question 6

What is the homologous series? (2)

Answer 6

• A sequence of compounds with the same functional group and
  general formula (1)
• Successive members of the series increase by CH2 (1)

Question 7

How are molecules named? (2)

Answer 7

• Following the rules of IUPAC (1)
• The global language of chemistry (1)

Question 8

What are the first 10 stem names? (1)

Answer 8

meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec (1)

Question 9

Dissect the molecule name:
3-methylbutan-1,1-diol (5)

Answer 9

• 3-methyl means methyl is attatched to Carbon3 (1)
• butan-1 means the longest chain is 4 and the functional group is
  attatched to Carbon1 (1)
• The second 1 is the location of the second identical functional group
  (1)
• di means there is 2 identical functional groups (1)
• ends with ol as the molecule is an alcohol (1)

Question 10

What will be the name instead of diol if there was 3 or 4 identical functional groups? (2)

Answer 10

• 3 is triol (1)
• 4 is tetrol (1)

Question 11

What is a polymerisation reaction? (1)

Answer 11

• Joining smaller monomers to form a long chain (1)

Question 12

What is an addition reaction? (1)

Answer 12

• Joining molecules to form longer ones (1)

Question 13

What is a hydrolysis reaction? (1)

Answer 13

• Splitting a molecule into 2 using OH- or H+ from a water molecule
  (1)

Question 14

What is a substitution reaction? (1)

Answer 14

• Replacing an atom with another on a molecule (1)

Question 15

What is an elimination reaction? (1)

Answer 15

• Some atoms break away from a larger molecule (1)

Question 16

What is a mechanism? (2)

Answer 16

• Shows the movement of electrons in a chemical reaction (1)
• With a curved arrow showing the movement of a pair of electrons
  (1)

Question 17

What are the 3 types of mechanisms? (3)

Answer 17

• Nucleophilic substitution (1)
• Radical substitution (1)
• Electrophilic addition (1)

Question 18

What is radical substitution? (2)

Answer 18

• Used in reacting halogens to alkanes (1)
• To form halogenoalkanes (1)

Question 19

What is electrophilic addition? (2)

Answer 19

• Used in adding halogens to alkenes (1)
• To form halogenoalkanes (1)

Question 20

What is nucleophilic substitution? (2)

Answer 20

• Used in primary halogenoalkanes/potassium hydroxide (1)
• To make alcohols (1)

Question 21

What are structural isomers and the types? (2)

Answer 21

• Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural
  formula (1)
• Chain isomers
• Positional isomers
• Functional group isomers

Question 22

What is a chain isomer? (1)

Answer 22

• Different arrangement of carbon skeleton and length (1)

Question 23

What is a positional isomer? (1)

Answer 23

• Different position of functional group on carbon skeleton (1)

Question 24

What is a functional group isomer? (1)

Answer 24

• Different functional group (1)

Question 25

What is an alkane? (2)

Answer 25

- Saturated hydrocarbon (1) - General formula CnHn2+2 (1)

Question 26

What is meant by saturated hydrocarbon? (2)

Answer 26

- Only contains hydrogens and carbons (1) - Each carbon is bonded 4 times to the maximum number of hydrogens (1)

Question 27

What are cycloalkanes? (3)

Answer 27

- Saturated (1) - Functional group isomer of alkene (1) - General formula of CnH2n (1)

Question 28

What is bond fission and the types? (2)

Answer 28

- The breaking of a covalent bond (1) - Homolytic fission - Heterolytic fission

Question 29

What is heterolytic fission? (3)

Answer 29

- Electron pair from the bond breaking is distributed unequally forming 2 different ions (1) - X÷Y → X+ + Y- (1) - Arrow from dots to Y (1)

Question 30

What is homolytic fission? (3)

Answer 30

- Electron pair from the bond breaking is distributed equally forming uncharged radicals (1) - X÷Y → X