Organics 1

Question 1

hydrocarbon

Answer 1

a compound made of entirely hydrogen and carbon

Question 2

catenation

Answer 2

the ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element

Question 3

COOH group

Answer 3

carboxylic acid group

Question 4

NH2 group

Answer 4

amine group

Question 5

C triple bond N group

Answer 5

Nitrile group

Question 6

C-O-C group

Answer 6

ether group

Question 7

H
/
C=O group

Answer 7

aldehyde group

Question 8

O
//
C-C-C group

Answer 8

ketone group

Question 9

COOR group

Answer 9

ester group

Question 10

COCl group

Answer 10

acyl chloride

Question 11

CONH2 group

Answer 11

amide

Question 12

SOOOH group

Answer 12

sulphonic acid

Question 13

structural isomerism

Answer 13

compounds have the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement of their atoms.

Question 14

stereoisomerism

Answer 14

compounds have the same molecular
formula but a different spatial arrangement of their atoms.

Question 15

chain isomerism

Answer 15

a structural isomerism where there are different arrangements of molecules on the carbon skeleton eg: pentane and 2-dimethyl propane

Question 16

positional isomerism

Answer 16

a structural isomerism where there are different positions of the same functional group on a molecule. eg: 1-chloropropane and 2-chloropropane

Question 17

functional group isomerism

Answer 17

a structural isomerism where different positions of atoms cause different functional groups. eg: dimethyl ether and ethanol

Question 18

geometric isomerism

Answer 18

a stereoisomerism where there are different substituents around a bond with limited rotation eg: cis-2butene and trans-2butene

Question 19

what molecules can have geometric isomers

Answer 19

2 carbon double bonded atoms with different substituent groups attached

Question 20

E isomer

Answer 20

Trans isomer, highest priority groups on opposite sides

Question 21

Z isomer

Answer 21

Cis isomer, highest priority groups on same side

Question 22

how to determine highest priority group in E/Z isomers

Answer 22

atomic number, atomic weight, second atom

Question 23

reaction mechanism

Answer 23

the series of steps that the reagents undergo during a chemical reaction.

Question 24

substitution reaction

Answer 24

A chemical reaction during which one
functional group in a chemical compound
is replaced by another functional group.

Question 25

elimination reaction

Answer 25

A chemical reaction where several atoms either in pairs or groups are removed from a molecule.

Question 26

addition reaction

Answer 26

a chemical reaction in which one molecule combines with another to form a larger molecule with no other products

Question 27

how do free radicals form

Answer 27

homolytic fission by UV light

Question 28

free radical

Answer 28

an atom with one or more unpaired electrons

Question 29

free radical substitution

Answer 29

chemical reactions where a free radical replaces another functional group in the compound.

Question 30

termination 2- free radical sub

Answer 30

Two alkyl free radicals can combine to make an alkane.

Question 31

Propagation 1- free radical sub

Answer 31

The halogen free radical reacts with the alkane to generate alkyl free radicals.

Question 32

Initiation- free radical sub

Answer 32

A free radical is generated.

Question 33

propagation 2- free radical sub

Answer 33

The newly formed alkyl free radical can react to make more free radicals.

Question 34

termination 1- free radical sub

Answer 34

The halogen free radical can combine with the alkyl free radical to make a haloalkane.

Question 35

conditions for free radical sub

Answer 35

UV light and excess of substance used to form free radical

Question 36

what overlap do pi bonds have

Answer 36

sideways overlap

Question 37

what overlap do sigma bonds have

Answer 37

head on overlap

Question 38

double bond

Answer 38

consists of a pi bond and sigma bond, therefore is more electron dense

Question 39

electrophile

Answer 39

a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair

Question 40

nucleophile

Answer 40

a chemical species that forms bonds with electrophiles by donating an electron pair

Question 41

hydration of alkenes forms and conditions

Answer 41

alcohols, phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 celcius and 60atm

Question 42

hydrogenation of alekenes forms, and conditions

Answer 42

alkanes, nickel catalyst, 150 celcius

Question 43

halogenation of alkenes forms

Answer 43

dihaloalkane

Question 44

polymerisation of alkenes forms

Answer 44

poly(alkene)

Question 45

which carbon does the hydrogen bond to in electrophillic addition

Answer 45

the C=C atom with the highest number of H atoms

Question 46

polymer

Answer 46

a larger molecule made up of many similar smaller molecules (monomers) which are repeated over and over.

Question 47

polymer properties

Answer 47

strong, high melting point, unreactive and not biodegradeable

Question 48

addition polymerisation

Answer 48

activator free radical attacks the alkene to form alkoxy free radicals. The alkoxy free radicals can combine at termination to form the polymer

Question 49

haloalkane trends

Answer 49

Boiling point increases with increasing chain length. Boiling point increases with increasing size of the halide functional group.

Question 50

boiling point trend and explanation with increasing chain length

Answer 50

bp increases, due to increased london forces

Question 51

why are haloalkanes insoluble

Answer 51

The energy required to break hydrogen bonds in water is higher than the energy released when new bonds between the haloalkane and water are formed.

Question 52

why are haloalkanes reactive

Answer 52

The halogen is more electronegative than the carbon. The halogen attracts the shared electron pair. The bond is therefore polar.

Question 53

which haloalkanes undergo sn1 reactions

Answer 53

tertiary

Question 54

which haloalkanes undergo sn2 reactions

Answer 54

primary

Question 55

oxidising agents

Answer 55

oxidise other compounds whilst becoming reduced themselves

Question 56

reducing agents

Answer 56

reduce other compounds whilst becoming oxidised themselves