Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology GCSE AQA > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells for organisms?

A

Cells are basic building blocks of all living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are organs

A

Organs are made up of tissues working together to do a specific functions. They are organizing in an organ system which work together to form organisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the digestive system

A

The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions in the living organism due to the…

A

shape of the active site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Living things produce enzymes that act as …

A

A biological catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What’s the use of enzymes

A

Enzymes make the chemical reactions work
Enzymes reduce the need for a high temperature and speed up the useful chemical reactions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens if the substrate doesn’t match the enzymes active site

A

The reaction won’t be catalyzed (The speed of reaction will not increase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain the enzyme action using the lock and key theory

A

The active site changes shape as the substrate binds into it to get a tighter fit (Induced fit) then the enzyme produces products. (the enzyme is unchanged after the reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction

A

1000/time = rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the principles of organization

A

Cell > Tissue > organ > Organ system > Organism

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things
A group of cells with similar structures and functions is called a tissue
An organ is a combination of tissues carrying out a specific function (ex. Heart)
Organs work together with an organ system
Organ systems work together to form whole living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What’s the purpose of a digestive system 

A

The digestive system is to break down large food molecules into smaller soluble molecules which are then become products absorbed into the bloodstream. The rate of these reactions are increased by enzymes. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of tissue does the stomach contain

A

Muscle tissues and glandular tissue which releases enzymes
 (Enzymes = protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Food contains three main nutrients: what are they

A

Carbohydrates - starch
Proteins and lipids - fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are large molecules that have to be digested. Why?

A

All of these molecules are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream so they have to be digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during digestion

A

Large molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules by enzymes. The small molecules can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the process of digesting

A

First food is chewed in the mouth.
Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules.
The food then passes down the esophagus into the stomach.
In the stomach enzymes begin the digestion of proteins.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid which helps the enzymes to digest proteins.
The food spends several hours in the stomach
The churning action of the stomach muscles turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest.
The fluid then passes through the small intestine and chemicals are released into the small intestine from the liver and pancreas.
The pancreas releases enzymes which continue the digestion of starch and protein. They also start the digestion of lipids.
The liver releases bile which helps to speed up the digestion of lipids.
Bile also neutralizes the acid released from the stomach.
The walls of the small intestine release enzymes to continue the digestion of proteins and lipids.
The small food molecules produced by digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream either by the diffusion or active transport.
Now the fluid makes its way through the large intestine where the water is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Lastly the FECES is released from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the products of digestion used for

A

To build a new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is some of the glucose used for

A

Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do carbohydrates break down into

A

Simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does Amylase (a carbohydrate) breakdown

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do protease breakdown into

A

They break down proteins to amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do lipases breaking down

A

They break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions (speed up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are enzymes

A

Enzymes are large protein molecules and they have a groove on the surface called active site.

They are large proteins that are made up of chains of amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the active site do

A

The active site is where the substrate attaches to it to break down and produce products 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Proteins are broken down by enzymes what are they called

A

Proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are proteins

A

Proteins are long chains of chemicals called amino acids 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When we digest proteins what happens

A

The protease enzymes convert the protein back to the individual amino acids which are then absorbed into the bloodstream.

When the amino acids are absorbed by the body cells they are joined together in a different order to make human proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does starch consist of

A

Starch consist of a chain of glucose molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes. What is this called

A

Carbohydrases. In the case of starch this is called amylase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When carbohydrates like starch are digested. what do we produce?

A

Simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is amylase found

A

In the saliva and pancreatic fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

A lipid molecule consists of what

A

A molecule of glycerol attached to 3 molecules of fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are lipid molecules digested by

A

Enzyme lipase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does enzyme lipase produced

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where can you find lipase

A

The pancreatic fluid and small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where is bile made and stored

A

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What does bile do

A

Speed up the digestion of lipids. (Bile is NOT an enzyme)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Bile converts large lipid droplets into

A

Smaller droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Bile is an alkaline. what does it help with?

A

Neutralizing the hydrochloric acid from the stomach.

It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The alkaline conditions and large surface area increases the rate of what

A

Fat (lipid) breakdown by lipase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

As we increase the temperature what happens to the activity of the enzyme

A

The activity of the enzyme increases (The reaction gets faster)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

As the temperature increases why does the activity of the enzymes increase

A

The enzymes and substrates are moving faster so there are more collision per second between the substrate and the active site

46
Q

At a certain temperature the enzyme is working at the fastest possible rate.
What is that called?

A

Optimum temperature

47
Q

During the optimum temperature. what is there a maximum frequency of?

A

There is a maximum frequency of collisions between the substrate and active sites

48
Q

After the optimum temperature what happens

A

The enzyme decreases to 0

49
Q

After the optimum temperature why does the enzyme decreased to 0

A

At high temperatures that enzyme molecule vibrates and the shape of the active site changes so the substrate will no longer fits into the active sites (Active site has denatured) and the enzyme can no longer catalyze the reaction.

50
Q

What’s the normal temperature of a human being

A

30°

51
Q

If we make the pH more acidic or more alkaline what happens to the activity

A

It drops to 0

52
Q

If the enzyme works best at an acidic pH what could this be

A

This could be a protease enzyme in the stomach

53
Q

If the enzyme works best at an alkaline pH what could this be

A

This could be an enzyme released from the pancreas into the small intestine (eg. lipase)

54
Q

What are the problems when investigating the effects of the ph on the rate of amylase enzymes (Required practical)

A

The color change tends to be gradual and can be difficult to see when the reaction has finished

55
Q

Define the heart

A

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.

56
Q

What’s the job of the right ventricle of the heart

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

57
Q

What’s the job of the left ventricle of the heart

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood around the rest of the body

58
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels that the body contains

A

Veins
capillaries
Arteries

59
Q

Define blood

A

Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma where the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended

60
Q

What do roots, stem and leaves form?

A

They form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant

61
Q

How are roots hair cells adapted to their function

A

They are adapted for efficient uptake of water by osmosis, And mineral ions by active transport.

62
Q

What is the role of the stomata and guard cells

A

To control gas exchange and water loss

63
Q

What is the phloem composed of

A

Tubes of elongated cells

64
Q

How can cell sap move from one phloem to the next through what

A

Pores in the end wall

65
Q

What is movement of the food molecules through the phloem tissue called

A

Translocation

66
Q

How does phloem tissue transport dissolve sugars

A

From the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage

67
Q

How do xylem tissues transport water and minerals ions

A

From the roots to the stem and leaves

68
Q

How are xylem tissues composed for transporting water and mineral ions

A

It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.

69
Q

Define transpiration

A

The movement of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves

70
Q

Define translocation

A

The transport of food substances (Mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage. The transport goes in both directions.

71
Q

What is the leaf

A

The leaf is a plant organ

72
Q

The plasma is the liquid part of blood. what do you find in the plasma?

A

Red blood cells
white blood cells
Platelets

73
Q

What does blood plasma transport

A

Soluble digestion products (Like glucose and amino acids) from the small intestine to other organs

Carbon dioxide (Produced by aerobic respiration) from the organs to the lungs to be breathed out.

The waste product urea From the liver to the kid needs to become urine 

74
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

They transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

75
Q

What do red blood cells contain (it’s an oxygen carrying molecule)

A

Hemoglobin

76
Q

Hemoglobin + oxygen ^lungs> ??

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

77
Q

What’s the process of red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin and oxygen combine in the lungs to produce oxyhemoglobin then the red blood cells travel to the organs where the oxyhemoglobin releases the oxygen

78
Q

Red blood cells have no nucleus what does this mean

A

They have more space for hemoglobin

79
Q

What do scientists call the red blood cells shape

A

Biconcave disc (It gives the red blood cells a greater surface area so Oxygen diffuses in and out rapidly)

80
Q

What do white blood cells form

A

Part of the immune system for example by making antibodies

81
Q

What does the white blood cell contain (structure)

A

It contains a nucleus (This contains DNA which encodes the instructions that the white blood cells need to do their job)

82
Q

What’s the job of platelets

A

Platelets are tiny fragments of cells and their job is to help the blood to clot at a wound

83
Q

What do white blood cells help with

A

Defending against infections

84
Q

What are the uses in donated blood in medicine

A

To replace blood loss during Injury

Some people are giving platelets to help clotting

Proteins extracted from blood can also be used for for example antibodies

85
Q

What are the problems with blood being donated

A

In Blood transfusion you have to make sure the donated blood is the same blood type otherwise the bodies immune system would reject the blood and the patient could die

Lots of different diseases can be transmitted by blood


86
Q

How can you minimize the risk of infections when donating blood

A

By screening

87
Q

Humans have a circulatory system. How is the blood pumped

A

The blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs where is collects oxygen then it returns to the heart and then pumped around the whole body where it delivers the oxygen to the body cells (organs)

88
Q

What do arteries carry

A

Very high pressure blood from the heart to the organs in the body

89
Q

How are arteries adapted to their function

A

Arteries have thick walls this allows them to carry high pressure of blood

The elastic fibers stretch when the surge of blood passes through and then recoil in between surges which keeps the blood moving

90
Q

How does blood travel through the arteries

A

In surges every time the heartbeats

91
Q

What happens when the blood passes through capillaries

A

Glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood to the cells

And

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells back to the blood

92
Q

What’s the structure of capillaries

A

Capillaries have a thin wall - only one cell thick

They have a very small lumen (The hole down the middle)

They contain nucleus is of cell

93
Q

What is the structure of veins

A

They have a very large lumen (The hole down the middle)
They contain elastic fibers and smooth muscles
They contain valves

94
Q

What is the purpose of valves 

A

To stop the blood from flowing backwards (When the blood flows forwards the valve opens but if It flows backwards the valve closes)

95
Q

What is the system for fish for the blood to flow (What is it called)

A

Single circulatory system (The blood flows slowly)

96
Q

What are the benefits to a double circulatory system for humans

A

It can flow quickly delivering oxygen that the cells need

97
Q

The heart is in Oregon what does it consist mainly of

A

Muscle tissues

98
Q

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by what

A

A group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker

99
Q

What are artificial pacemaker’s

A

Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

100
Q

What is a plasma

A

It is a tissue where all the blood is composed in (Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

101
Q

Calculate the rate of blood flow

A

Rate of blood flow = volume of blood flow / number of minutes

102
Q

Define health

A

Health is a state of physical and mental well-being

103
Q

What are major causes of ill health

A

Both communicable and non-communicable diseases

Other factors including diet, stress and life situations may have an affect on both physical and mental health

104
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between benign tumors and malignant tumors

A

benign tumors:

Grows slowly
grows within a membrane
can be easily removed
does not normally grow back
does not spread around the body
can cause damage to organs and be life-threatening

Malignant tumors:

Cancerous
grows rapidly
can spread around the body by the bloodstream
cells can break away and cause secondary tumors to grow in other areas of the body

105
Q

What happens during coronary heart disease

A

In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries.

106
Q

What is the effect of not a lot of blood flowing through the coronary arteries

A

lack of oxygen for the heart muscle

107
Q

What is the use of stents

A

It’s a mechanical device which is used to stretch narrow or blocked arteries restoring blood flow (Used to keep the coronary arteries open)

108
Q

What is the use of statins

A

Statins is drugs used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood which slows the rate of fatty material disposed

109
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease by drugs (stains) mechanical devices (stents) or transplant?

A

Statins:
Can be used to prevent heart disease
improved quality of life
BUT
Possible of negative side effects

Stents:
Made from metal alloys so will not be rejected by the patient’s body
offers long-term benefits
used for patients where drugs are less effective
BUT
Requires surgery which carries risk of infection

Heart transplant:
can treat complete heart failure
artificial plastic hearts can be used temporary until a donor is found
Extended life
BUT
Requires major surgery with risk
Lack of donors
Long recovery time

110
Q

What types of cancers are there

A

Lifestyle cancer and genetic cancer

111
Q

Name some plant tissues

A

Spongy mesophyll
xylem and phloem
Palisade mesophyll
Epidermal tissues
Meristem tissue found at the growing tips of the shoots and the roots

Biology GCSE AQA (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions