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Biology GCSE AQA > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

(111 cards)

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1
Q

What are cells for organisms?

A

Cells are basic building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function

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3
Q

What are organs

A

Organs are made up of tissues working together to do a specific functions. They are organizing in an organ system which work together to form organisms.

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4
Q

What is the digestive system

A

The digestive system is an example of an organ system in which several organs work together to digest and absorb food.

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5
Q

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions in the living organism due to the…

A

shape of the active site

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6
Q

Living things produce enzymes that act as …

A

A biological catalyst

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7
Q

What’s the use of enzymes

A

Enzymes make the chemical reactions work
Enzymes reduce the need for a high temperature and speed up the useful chemical reactions in the body

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8
Q

What is catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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9
Q

What happens if the substrate doesn’t match the enzymes active site

A

The reaction won’t be catalyzed (The speed of reaction will not increase)

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10
Q

Explain the enzyme action using the lock and key theory

A

The active site changes shape as the substrate binds into it to get a tighter fit (Induced fit) then the enzyme produces products. (the enzyme is unchanged after the reaction)

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11
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction

A

1000/time = rate

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12
Q

What are the principles of organization

A

Cell > Tissue > organ > Organ system > Organism

Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things
A group of cells with similar structures and functions is called a tissue
An organ is a combination of tissues carrying out a specific function (ex. Heart)
Organs work together with an organ system
Organ systems work together to form whole living organisms

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13
Q

What’s the purpose of a digestive system 

A

The digestive system is to break down large food molecules into smaller soluble molecules which are then become products absorbed into the bloodstream. The rate of these reactions are increased by enzymes. 

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14
Q

What kind of tissue does the stomach contain

A

Muscle tissues and glandular tissue which releases enzymes
 (Enzymes = protein molecules that increase the rate of reaction)

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15
Q

Food contains three main nutrients: what are they

A

Carbohydrates - starch
Proteins and lipids - fats

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16
Q

Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are large molecules that have to be digested. Why?

A

All of these molecules are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream so they have to be digested

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17
Q

What happens during digestion

A

Large molecules are broken down into small soluble molecules by enzymes. The small molecules can then be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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18
Q

Explain the process of digesting

A

First food is chewed in the mouth.
Enzymes in the saliva begin to digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules.
The food then passes down the esophagus into the stomach.
In the stomach enzymes begin the digestion of proteins.
The stomach contains hydrochloric acid which helps the enzymes to digest proteins.
The food spends several hours in the stomach
The churning action of the stomach muscles turns the food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest.
The fluid then passes through the small intestine and chemicals are released into the small intestine from the liver and pancreas.
The pancreas releases enzymes which continue the digestion of starch and protein. They also start the digestion of lipids.
The liver releases bile which helps to speed up the digestion of lipids.
Bile also neutralizes the acid released from the stomach.
The walls of the small intestine release enzymes to continue the digestion of proteins and lipids.
The small food molecules produced by digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream either by the diffusion or active transport.
Now the fluid makes its way through the large intestine where the water is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Lastly the FECES is released from the body.

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19
Q

What are the products of digestion used for

A

To build a new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by the body

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20
Q

What is some of the glucose used for

A

Respiration

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21
Q

What do carbohydrates break down into

A

Simple sugars

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22
Q

What does Amylase (a carbohydrate) breakdown

A

Starch

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23
Q

What do protease breakdown into

A

They break down proteins to amino acids

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24
Q

What do lipases breaking down

A

They break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids

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25
What do enzymes do
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions (speed up)
26
What are enzymes
Enzymes are large protein molecules and they have a groove on the surface called active site. They are large proteins that are made up of chains of amino acids.
27
What does the active site do
The active site is where the substrate attaches to it to break down and produce products 
28
Proteins are broken down by enzymes what are they called
Proteases
29
What are proteins
Proteins are long chains of chemicals called amino acids 
30
When we digest proteins what happens
The protease enzymes convert the protein back to the individual amino acids which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. When the amino acids are absorbed by the body cells they are joined together in a different order to make human proteins
31
What does starch consist of
Starch consist of a chain of glucose molecules
32
Carbohydrates are broken down by enzymes. What is this called
Carbohydrases. In the case of starch this is called amylase.
33
When carbohydrates like starch are digested. what do we produce?
Simple sugars
34
Where is amylase found
In the saliva and pancreatic fluid
35
A lipid molecule consists of what
A molecule of glycerol attached to 3 molecules of fatty acids
36
What are lipid molecules digested by
Enzyme lipase.
37
What does enzyme lipase produced
Glycerol and fatty acids
38
Where can you find lipase
The pancreatic fluid and small intestine
39
Where is bile made and stored
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
40
What does bile do
Speed up the digestion of lipids. (Bile is NOT an enzyme)
41
Bile converts large lipid droplets into
Smaller droplets
42
Bile is an alkaline. what does it help with?
Neutralizing the hydrochloric acid from the stomach. It also emulsifies fat to form small droplets which increase the surface area.
43
The alkaline conditions and large surface area increases the rate of what
Fat (lipid) breakdown by lipase
44
As we increase the temperature what happens to the activity of the enzyme
The activity of the enzyme increases (The reaction gets faster)
45
As the temperature increases why does the activity of the enzymes increase
The enzymes and substrates are moving faster so there are more collision per second between the substrate and the active site
46
At a certain temperature the enzyme is working at the fastest possible rate. What is that called?
Optimum temperature
47
During the optimum temperature. what is there a maximum frequency of?
There is a maximum frequency of collisions between the substrate and active sites
48
After the optimum temperature what happens
The enzyme decreases to 0
49
After the optimum temperature why does the enzyme decreased to 0
At high temperatures that enzyme molecule vibrates and the shape of the active site changes so the substrate will no longer fits into the active sites (Active site has denatured) and the enzyme can no longer catalyze the reaction.
50
What’s the normal temperature of a human being
30°
51
If we make the pH more acidic or more alkaline what happens to the activity
It drops to 0
52
If the enzyme works best at an acidic pH what could this be
This could be a protease enzyme in the stomach
53
If the enzyme works best at an alkaline pH what could this be
This could be an enzyme released from the pancreas into the small intestine (eg. lipase)
54
What are the problems when investigating the effects of the ph on the rate of amylase enzymes (Required practical)
The color change tends to be gradual and can be difficult to see when the reaction has finished
55
Define the heart
The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
56
What’s the job of the right ventricle of the heart
Pumps oxygenated blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place
57
What’s the job of the left ventricle of the heart
Pumps deoxygenated blood around the rest of the body
58
What are the three types of blood vessels that the body contains
Veins capillaries Arteries
59
Define blood
Blood is a tissue consisting of plasma where the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended
60
What do roots, stem and leaves form?
They form a plant organ system for transport of substances around the plant
61
How are roots hair cells adapted to their function
They are adapted for efficient uptake of water by osmosis, And mineral ions by active transport.
62
What is the role of the stomata and guard cells
To control gas exchange and water loss
63
What is the phloem composed of
Tubes of elongated cells
64
How can cell sap move from one phloem to the next through what
Pores in the end wall
65
What is movement of the food molecules through the phloem tissue called
Translocation
66
How does phloem tissue transport dissolve sugars
From the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage
67
How do xylem tissues transport water and minerals ions
From the roots to the stem and leaves
68
How are xylem tissues composed for transporting water and mineral ions
It is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin for the transport of water in the transpiration stream.
69
Define transpiration
The movement of water from the roots through the xylem and out of the leaves
70
Define translocation
The transport of food substances (Mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage. The transport goes in both directions.
71
What is the leaf
The leaf is a plant organ
72
The plasma is the liquid part of blood. what do you find in the plasma?
Red blood cells white blood cells Platelets
73
What does blood plasma transport
Soluble digestion products (Like glucose and amino acids) from the small intestine to other organs Carbon dioxide (Produced by aerobic respiration) from the organs to the lungs to be breathed out. The waste product urea From the liver to the kid needs to become urine 
74
What do red blood cells do
They transport oxygen from the lungs to the body cells
75
What do red blood cells contain (it’s an oxygen carrying molecule)
Hemoglobin
76
Hemoglobin + oxygen ^lungs> ??
Oxyhaemoglobin
77
What’s the process of red blood cells
Hemoglobin and oxygen combine in the lungs to produce oxyhemoglobin then the red blood cells travel to the organs where the oxyhemoglobin releases the oxygen
78
Red blood cells have no nucleus what does this mean
They have more space for hemoglobin
79
What do scientists call the red blood cells shape
Biconcave disc (It gives the red blood cells a greater surface area so Oxygen diffuses in and out rapidly)
80
What do white blood cells form
Part of the immune system for example by making antibodies
81
What does the white blood cell contain (structure)
It contains a nucleus (This contains DNA which encodes the instructions that the white blood cells need to do their job)
82
What’s the job of platelets
Platelets are tiny fragments of cells and their job is to help the blood to clot at a wound
83
What do white blood cells help with
Defending against infections
84
What are the uses in donated blood in medicine
To replace blood loss during Injury Some people are giving platelets to help clotting Proteins extracted from blood can also be used for for example antibodies
85
What are the problems with blood being donated
In Blood transfusion you have to make sure the donated blood is the same blood type otherwise the bodies immune system would reject the blood and the patient could die Lots of different diseases can be transmitted by blood 
86
How can you minimize the risk of infections when donating blood
By screening
87
Humans have a circulatory system. How is the blood pumped
The blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs where is collects oxygen then it returns to the heart and then pumped around the whole body where it delivers the oxygen to the body cells (organs)
88
What do arteries carry
Very high pressure blood from the heart to the organs in the body
89
How are arteries adapted to their function
Arteries have thick walls this allows them to carry high pressure of blood The elastic fibers stretch when the surge of blood passes through and then recoil in between surges which keeps the blood moving
90
How does blood travel through the arteries
In surges every time the heartbeats
91
What happens when the blood passes through capillaries
Glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood to the cells And Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells back to the blood
92
What’s the structure of capillaries
Capillaries have a thin wall - only one cell thick They have a very small lumen (The hole down the middle) They contain nucleus is of cell
93
What is the structure of veins
They have a very large lumen (The hole down the middle) They contain elastic fibers and smooth muscles They contain valves
94
What is the purpose of valves 
To stop the blood from flowing backwards (When the blood flows forwards the valve opens but if It flows backwards the valve closes)
95
What is the system for fish for the blood to flow (What is it called)
Single circulatory system (The blood flows slowly)
96
What are the benefits to a double circulatory system for humans
It can flow quickly delivering oxygen that the cells need
97
The heart is in Oregon what does it consist mainly of
Muscle tissues
98
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by what
A group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker
99
What are artificial pacemaker’s
Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate
100
What is a plasma
It is a tissue where all the blood is composed in (Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)
101
Calculate the rate of blood flow
Rate of blood flow = volume of blood flow / number of minutes
102
Define health
Health is a state of physical and mental well-being
103
What are major causes of ill health
Both communicable and non-communicable diseases Other factors including diet, stress and life situations may have an affect on both physical and mental health
104
Describe the similarities and differences between benign tumors and malignant tumors
benign tumors: Grows slowly grows within a membrane can be easily removed does not normally grow back does not spread around the body can cause damage to organs and be life-threatening Malignant tumors: Cancerous grows rapidly can spread around the body by the bloodstream cells can break away and cause secondary tumors to grow in other areas of the body
105
What happens during coronary heart disease
In coronary heart disease layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries narrowing them. This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries.
106
What is the effect of not a lot of blood flowing through the coronary arteries
lack of oxygen for the heart muscle
107
What is the use of stents
It’s a mechanical device which is used to stretch narrow or blocked arteries restoring blood flow (Used to keep the coronary arteries open)
108
What is the use of statins
Statins is drugs used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood which slows the rate of fatty material disposed
109
What are the advantages and disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease by drugs (stains) mechanical devices (stents) or transplant?
Statins: Can be used to prevent heart disease improved quality of life BUT Possible of negative side effects Stents: Made from metal alloys so will not be rejected by the patient’s body offers long-term benefits used for patients where drugs are less effective BUT Requires surgery which carries risk of infection Heart transplant: can treat complete heart failure artificial plastic hearts can be used temporary until a donor is found Extended life BUT Requires major surgery with risk Lack of donors Long recovery time
110
What types of cancers are there
Lifestyle cancer and genetic cancer
111
Name some plant tissues
Spongy mesophyll xylem and phloem Palisade mesophyll Epidermal tissues Meristem tissue found at the growing tips of the shoots and the roots

Biology GCSE AQA (8 decks)

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