Organisation

Question 1

unicellular organisms are

Answer 1

made from one cell, whereas multcellular are made up of collections.

Question 2

In complex multicellular organisms

Answer 2

cells are specialised to carry out functions . The specialised calls form tissues which from in organ systems

Question 3

The digestive system

Answer 3

provides the body with nutrients

Question 4

The respiratory system

Answer 4

provides the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Question 5

The human digestive system is made up

Answer 5

of the organs that form the alimentary canal and accesory organs

Question 6

Alimentary canal is

Answer 6

the passage through which food flows through the body starting at the mouth and ending at the anus

Question 6

Accesory organs produce

Answer 6

substances that are needed for digestion to occur such as enzymes and bile.

Question 7

function for mouth/salivary

Answer 7

is first in digestive system. Mouth is a mechanical digestion thing . By using teeth to break down the food particles. Amylase enzymes in saliva start digesting starch into maltose.

Question 8

function for oesophagus

Answer 8

2nd in digestive system. Its a tube that connects mouth to stomach . Where the food goes after being swallowed. Contractions will take place by pushing the food down without relying on gravity.

Question 8

function for stomach

Answer 8

3rd in digestive system. Food is mechanically digested by churning actions while protease enzymes start to chemically digest. Hydrochloric acid is present to kill bacteria in food and provide the optimum PH for protease enzymes to work

Question 9

function for small intenstine

Answer 9

4th in digestive system. First section is the duodenum and is where the food coming out of the stomach finishes being digested by enzymes produced here and also secreted by pancreas. Second section is the ileum and is where absorption takes place.

Question 9

function for large intenstine

Answer 9

5th in digestive system. Water is absorbed from the remaining material in the colon to produce faeces. Faeces is stored in the rectum and removed through the anus

Question 10

function for pancreas

Answer 10

produces all three types of digestive enzymes. AMylase, protease and lipase.

Question 11

function for liver

Answer 11

produces bile to emulsify fats

Question 12

function for gall bladder

Answer 12

stores bile to release into duodenum as required.

Question 13

Digestive enzymes

Answer 13

work outside of cells, they digest large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules which can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Question 14

Metabolism is

Answer 14

the sum of all reactions happening in a cell/organism

Question 15

Enzymes are biological catalysts made

Answer 15

from protein. They speed up chemical reactions and formed from chains of amino acids held together by bonds.

Question 16

At lower temperatures in enzymes

Answer 16

there are fewer collisions enzyme and substrate have less kinetic energy and lower activity

Question 16

proteins are

Answer 16

formed from chains of amino acids held together by bounds

Question 17

Specific shapes of enzymes

Answer 17

depend on amino acids. Enzymes work fastest at their ‘optimum temperature’ meaning eventually from there they will become denatured.

Question 18

At temperatures above optimum in ezymes

Answer 18

active site is deformed. Substrate and active site no longer complete

Question 19

Amylase is an

Answer 19

enzyme that digest starch into maltrose.

Question 20

The aim of the enzyme require practical is

Answer 20

to investigate the effect of PH on the rate of reaction of amylase

Question 21

Enzymes are produced

Answer 21

by specialised cells in the glands and in the gut lining

Question 22

Salivary glands

Answer 22

produce amylase enzyme in the saliva

Question 23

Liver is where

Answer 23

bile is produced. Bile neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

Question 24

Gall bladder is

Answer 24

where biile is stored before its released into the small intenstines

Question 25

Small intenstine

Answer 25

produce protease, amylase, lipase so does the pancreas.

Question 27

The lungs are in the thorax

Answer 27

the thorax is top of your body . Its seperated from lower by the diaphragm . The lungs are like big pink sponges and are protected by the ribcage .

Question 28

The lungs are surrounded

Answer 28

by the pleural membranes.

Question 28

The air that we breathe in goes through

Answer 28

the trachea. This splits into two tubes called bronchi , one going to each lung. The bronchi split into progressively smaller tubes called bronchioles.

Question 29

Alveoli

Answer 29

carry out gas exchange in the body.

Question 30

Lungs contain

Answer 30

millions and millions of little air sacs called alveoli, surrounds by a network of blood capillaries where gas exchange happens.

Question 31

The circulatory is made up of

Answer 31

the heart, blood vessels and blood.

Question 32

Double circulatory system

Answer 32

is two circuits joined together .

Question 33

In the first circuit of the double circulatory system

Answer 33

the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen .

Question 34

Heart

Answer 34

contracts to pump blood around the body. The walls of the heart are mostly made of muscle tissue

Question 35

Heart has a pacemaker

Answer 35

resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the atrium that act as a pacemaker

Question 36

An artificial pacemaker

Answer 36

is often used to control heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don't work properly

Question 37

Circulatory system - heart

Answer 37

Blood flows into the two atria from vena cava into the pulmonary vein. Atria contract pushing the blood into ventricles. Ventricles contract forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta and out of the heart. The blood then flows to the organs through arteries and returns through veins. The atria fill again and cycle starts again.

Question 38

Blood vessels

Answer 38

arteries capilleries veins

Question 39

Arteries

Answer 39

carry blood under pressure away from the heart. The heart pumps the blood out of a high pressure so the artery walls are strong and elastic. They are thick and contain thick layers of muscles which allows them to be strong and allow them to stretch and spring back.

Question 40

Capilleries

Answer 40

are very small. Arteries branch into capillaries. They carry the blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them . permeable walls one cell thick

Question 41

Veins

Answer 41

takes blood back to the heart capillaries join up to form veins bigger lumen than arteries to help blood flow despite the lower pressure valves to help keep blood flowing in the right direction

Question 42

Red blood cells

Answer 42

carry oxygen shape - biconave disc red pigment called haemoglobin

Question 43

in the lungs

Answer 43

haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin. Body tissue reverse happens

Question 44

Phloem tubes transport

Answer 44

food substances mainly dissolved sugars made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage.

Question 45

Phloem tubes are made

Answer 45

of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through.

Question 46

Cell sap

Answer 46

is a liquid that's made up of the substances being transported and water

Question 47

Phloem tubes

Answer 47

the transport goes in both directions . This process is called translocation.

Question 48

Xylem tubes are made

Answer 48

of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and hole down the middle.

Question 49

Xylem tubes are strengthened

Answer 49

with a material called lignin

Question 50

The movement of water

Answer 50

through the xylem and out of the leaves is called the transpiration stream.

Question 51

Xylem tubes carry

Answer 51

water and mineral ions from the roots to the stems and leaves.

Question 52

Transpiration is caused

Answer 52

by the evaporation and diffusion of water from a plants surface. Most transpiration happens in the leaves

Question 53

The evaporation from transpiration

Answer 53

creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf and so more water is drawn up the rest of the plant through xylem vessels to replace it.

Question 54

Transpiration is affected by four things

Answer 54

light intensity - brighter the light , greater the transpiration rate temperature - warmer it is the faster the transpiration happens air flow - better the air flow around leaf the greater the transpiration rate humidity - drier the air around the leaf , faster transpiration happens

Question 55

Guard cells open and close stomata

Answer 55

Kidney shape which opens and closes the stomata . When the plant has lots of water the guard cells fill with it and go plump and turgid . This makes the stomata open so gases can exchange for photosynthesis.