Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 2

Question 1

occurs when offspring inherit genotypes from their parent(s)

Answer 1

Vertical transmission of genetic material

Question 2

occurs when organisms gain genetic material from sources other than from one parent to one offspring

Answer 2

Lateral transmission of genetic material

Question 3

occurs when genetic material is passed laterally between lineages due to hybridization

Answer 3

Genetic introgression

Question 4

theory that eukaryotic arouse though the combination of an archaea with a bacteria

Answer 4

Symbiogenesis

Question 5

allows a single genome to produce many different cell types

Answer 5

Differential gene expression

Question 6

those which only give rise to offspring cells in the body of an organism

Answer 6

Somatic Cells

Question 7

are those in a direct cellular lineage that pass from organisms in one generation to the next

Answer 7

Germ cells

Question 8

collections of unicellular organisms that are connected to one another but exhibit little or no cellular differentiation

Answer 8

Colonies

Question 9

chemicals that absorb specific wavelengths of light depending on their chemical structure.

Answer 9

Photosynthetic pigments

Question 10

a haploid phase of the life cycle of Viridiplantae that produces the gametes. (n)

Answer 10

Gametophyte

Question 11

a diploid phase of the life cycle of viridiplantae that produces the spores(2n)

Answer 11

Sporophyte

Question 12

Flattened body from of the gametophyte

Answer 12

Thallus

Question 13

hair-like structures that bind the thallus to the substrate

Answer 13

Rhizoids

Question 14

tissue primarily carries water from the roots toward the leaves via evapotranspiration and is dead at functional maturity

Answer 14

Xylem

Question 15

tissue primarily carries sugar from the leaves to other tissues using hydrostatic pressure and is live at functional maturity

Answer 15

Phloem

Question 16

Occurs when the male and female gametophytes unite

Answer 16

Pollination

Question 17

a population of similar cells within an organism that work together to perform a common function

Answer 17

Tissue

Question 18

organisms exhibit three embryonic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm).

Answer 18

Triploblastic

Question 19

a fluid filled body cavity

Answer 19

Coelom

Question 20

a tube that carries food through the body

Answer 20

Alimentary canal

Question 21

a periodic molt of the three-layered cuticle

Answer 21

Ecdysis

Question 22

refers to the formation of an anus first and a mouth second during embryonic growth of the alimentary canal

Answer 22

Deuterostome condition

Question 23

the outer protective tissue layer of a plant

Answer 23

dermal tissue

Question 24

the transport tissue of a plant

Answer 24

vascular tissue

Question 25

additional plant tissues specialized for functions such as photosynthesis, storage, short-distance transport, and support

Answer 25

ground tissue

Question 26

ground tissues cells specialized for photosynthesis

Answer 26

Palisades mesophyll

Question 27

structural support tissue used to hold other tissues in place

Answer 27

Connective tissue

Question 28

a thin payer of tissue that lines the surface of the body

Answer 28

Epithelial tissue

Question 29

is relatively thin secretion of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and proteins

Answer 29

Primary cell wall

Question 30

composed of cellulose lignin and other polysaccharides between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

Answer 30

secondary cell wall

Question 31

Cells occur mainly in the dermal and ground tissues. These cells lack secondary cell walls and have large central vacuoles for storage cells are totipotent.

Answer 31

Parenchyma

Question 32

Exhibit thickened primary cell walls and provide flexible support in growing tissues

Answer 32

Collenchyma cells

Question 33

Exhibit thick secondary walls with large amounts of lignin. Mature cells are dead, leaving behind their cell walls as a support structure.

Answer 33

Sclerenchyma cells

Question 34

a center of mitotic division at the apex of a root or shoot

Answer 34

Apical meristem

Question 35

occurs through cell elongation in the internodes

Answer 35

Primary growth

Question 36

increase in circumference, occurs at cylindrical lateral meristems

Answer 36

Secondary growth

Question 37

A lateral meristem that produces additional layers of secondary xylem and phloem cells. Xylem is usually added at a faster rate the phloem.

Answer 37

Vascular growth

Question 38

a lateral meristem that produces layers of cork cells. on the lateral side of the meristem

Answer 38

Cork cambium

Question 39

consists of a closed body compartment supported from within by fluid pressure

Answer 39

Hydrostatic skeleton

Question 40

non-living structure that surrounds the body cavity providing support

Answer 40

Exoskeleton

Question 41

support structure surrounded by the body tissues, some elects may be living or continuously replaced.

Answer 41

Endoskeleton

Question 42

the brain basket or endocardium is composed of this. This bone forms as a series of carriages that are later ossified

Answer 42

Endochondral body

Question 43

an organelle used for powered whip-like movement. Is an ancestral character in animilia.

Answer 43

Eukaryotic flagellum

Question 44

composed of two coiled strands of actin

Answer 44

Thin filaments

Question 45

composed of staggered arrays of the motor protein myosin

Answer 45

thick filaments

Answer 46

sarcomere

Question 47

pairs of muscles that produce opposite motions allowing for reversible actions (flexor, extensor)

Answer 47

Antagonistic muscle pairs

Question 48

the motion of skeletal muscle is often extended through them. non-contractile connective tissues connected to the origin or insertion

Answer 48

tendons

Question 49

functional units photosynthesis composed of reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes

Answer 49

Photosystems

Question 50

describes light with a wavelength of 400-700 nm

Answer 50

Photosynthetically active radiation

Question 51

describe the ability of a plant to absorb light of different wavelengths

Answer 51

Action spectra

Question 52

the photon "bounces" of the leaf

Answer 52

Reflectance

Question 53

the photon is absorbed as. energy by a photosynthetic pigment

Answer 53

absorption

Question 54

the photon passes through thee leaf

Answer 54

Transmittance

Question 55

energy is transferred from one photosynthetic pigment in the light-harvesting complex to another

Answer 55

Resonance

Question 56

energy is emitted from the photosynthetic pigment as heat and a new lower-energy photon

Answer 56

Fluorescence

Question 57

protein complex that catalyzes the fixation of carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide

Question 58

describes the maintenance of internal balance within the body of an organism

Answer 58

Homeostasis

Question 59

signaling molecules broadcast through the body by the endocrine system

Answer 59

Hormones

Question 60

respond to environmental stimuli using a single hormone to regulate internal responses

Answer 60

Simple endocrine pathways

Question 61

are phenomena that may be perceived by the endocrine cells or by the nervous system (neuroendocrine signaling)

Answer 61

Stimuli

Question 62

occurs when the endocrine pathway produces a response that reduces the initial stimulus condition tend to promote balance in pathway

Answer 62

Negative feedback

Question 63

occurs when the endocrine pathway produces a response that amplifies the initial stimulus condition

Answer 63

Positive feedback