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Biology > Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 4 > Flashcards

Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 4 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

Relies on recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns by toll like receptors.

A

PAMP-triggered immunity

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2
Q

Disease resistance proteins

A

R proteins

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3
Q

Immune cells that recognize common pathogenic proteins and bind to these cells.

A

Toll-like receptors

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4
Q

Acellular proteins that bind the surface of pathogen cells in body fluids impending infection (neutralization) and creating aggregate formations.

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

Introduce antigens to a host to provoke a primary immune response, leading immunological memory which can quickly activate in case of reinforcement by the same pathogen.

A

Vaccines

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6
Q

Sequence of stages that an organism undergoes from one generation to the next generation for reproduction.

A

Life cycle

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7
Q

A mature haploid male or female germ cells which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

A

Gametes

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8
Q

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes. Or a fertilized egg cell that contains the genetic information of a new individual organism.

A

Zygote

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9
Q

The growth and development to form a mature organism.

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

The process of forming haploid gametes.

A

Meiosis

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11
Q

Where DNA is packaged?

A

Chromosomes

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12
Q

Are Mitosis and Meiosis haploids or diploids?

A

Mitosis- Diploid
Meiosis- Haploid

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13
Q

Sexually reproducing species have a typical number of chromosomes that occur as pairs.

A

Homologous pairs

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14
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do the haploid and diploid stages have.

A

Haploid - one set
Diploid - two sets

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15
Q

Gametes where haploid formed (2n—>n)

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

Retains the number of chromosomes during growth (2n—>2n)

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

Multicellular haploid and diploid stages alternate from generation to generation.

A

Alternation of generations

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18
Q

Multicellular diploid stage that produces haploid spores through meiosis.

A

Sporophyte

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19
Q

Spores divide by mitosis and a haploid multicellular organism.

A

Gametophyte

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20
Q

Either haploid or diploid cells can divide by _______ but only a diploid cell can undergo _______ to from ______ cells.

A

Mitosis
Meiosis
Haploid

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21
Q

Where the cytoplasms of tow parent mycelia fuse.

A

Plasmogamy

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22
Q

Where the haploid nuclei of two parents fuse to. produce diploid cells

A

Karyogamy

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23
Q

Similarities in the life cycle of fungi and slime molds.

A

Convergent evolution

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24
Q

Single individual passes copies of all its genes to its offspring as the sole parent.

A

Asexual reproduction

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25
Produces offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from biological parents.
Sexual reproduction
26
One chromosome duplication, followed by two rounds of cell division, resulting in cells with half the number of chromosomes.
Meiosis
27
One chromosome duplication followed by one cell division, resulting in cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells.
Mitosis
28
Offspring arise from mature fragments of the parent plant.
Vegetative reproductions
29
Vegetative buds or other parts of a plant can detach and develop into new offspring.
Fragmentation
30
Some plants can produce mature seed without pollination or fertilization. The embryo develops from a diploid cell in the ovule.
Apomix
31
New individuals are formed as outgrowths of an existing individual.
Budding
32
A parent splits and separates into two individuals of about equal size.
Fission
33
Breaking apart of the body into several pieces that develop into new organisms through regeneration.
Fragmentation
34
Regrowth of missing body parts.
Regeneration
35
Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.
Parthenogenesis
36
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
There is no genetic variation produced.
37
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
It generates variation in offspring and populations.
37
A form of sexual reproduction in which all gametes are the same size.
Isogamy
38
A form of sexual reproduction in which gametes have different sizes.
Anisogamy
39
Plant species have separate individuals with male or female parts.
Dioecious "two houses"
40
A sexual reproductive system where each individual is either male or female.
Gonochorism
40
An adaptation in which one individual has both male and female reproductive systems symotaneously or sequentially.
Hermanaphroditism
41
Have both male and female parts on the same individual plant.
Monoecious "one house"
42
Females release eggs into the environment and males fertilize them outside.
External fertilization
43
Have evolved structures or behaviors that lead to sperm deposition in or near the female reproductive tract.
Internal fertilization
44
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area with the potential of interacting.
Population
45
Describes fluctuations in population size over time or across space.
Population dynamics
46
The movement of individuals (gametes) from their place of origin.
Dispersal
47
Factors such as temperature, water, sunlight, oxygen, salinity, or soil/substrate type can limit distributions.
Abiotic (non-living)
48
Factors may limit distributions via predation, herbivory, competition, parasitism, lack of pollinators or food.
Biotic (living)
49
The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Density
50
The pattern of spacing among individuals within a given area. Same patterns might be explained by different processes.
Dispersion
51
Defense of an area against other individuals.
Territorial
52
Can ensure that if one population goes extinct, that match of habitat can be recolonized.
Metapopulation
53
When a population can increase in size by a constant proportion at each instant in time resulting in the growth.
Exponential population growth
54
Equals the current population size (n) multiplied by a constant (r).
Intrinsic rate of increase
55
The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.
Carrying capacity
56
The per capita rate of growth approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity.
Logistic population growth model
57
The study of key population characteristics such as births, deaths, and migration rises and how they change over time- influencing population growth.
Demography
58
Summarizes the survival and reproductive rates of individuals in specific age groups in which demographic info for a population is studied.
Life tables
59
A group of individuals of the same age, from birth until death.
Cohort
60
Plots the number of individuals in a cohort that survive at each age.
Survivorship curve
61
Mitotic division occurs here in order to lengthen roots and shoots. Primary growth of plants.
Apical meristem
62
Secondary growth of plants, increase in circumference, occurs here.
The cylindrical lateral meristems
63
Produces additional layers of secondary xylem and phloem cells.
Vascular cambium
64
Produces layers of cork cells on the lateral side of the meristem.
Cork cambium
65
Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes cell elongation, control of apical dominance, cell division, and preventing leaf abscission.
Auxin
66
Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes axillary bud growth and control of apical dominance.
Cytokinins
67
Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes stem elongation, fruit growth, and seed germination.
Gibberellins
68
Plant growth regulator (hormone) that slows growth and seed dormancy.
Abscisic Acid
69
Plant growth regulator (hormone) that promotes fruit ripening, leaf abscission (shedding), senescence, and growth around obstacles.
Ethylene
70
The female gametophyte that develops in each ovule and consists of an egg and other cells.
Embryo sac
71
The male gametophyte develops here. and consists of cells that will gibers to two sperm and a pollen tube.
Pollen grain
72
Food supply in plants that is a product of fertilization.
Endosperm
73
One of the two major groups of angiosperms that has a single cotyledon or seed leaf.
Monocots
74
One of the two major groups of angiosperms that has two cotyledon or seed leaves.
Eudicots
75
Forms a zygote.
Fertilization
76
A series of mitotic divisions resulting in a hollow ball of cells.
Cleavage
77
A hallow ball of cells.
Blastula
78
Leads to development of an embryo with tissue layers.
Gastrulation
79
An embryo with tissue layers.
Gastrula
80
Produces the rudimentary organs that will further develop into adult organs.
Organogenesis
81
Organs in animals that stop growing once they reach a certain size.
Determinate growth
82
A series of mitotic divisions without cell growth produces. a hollow ball of cells, thee _______, that surrounds a fluid-filled cavity, the ______.
Blastula Blastocoel
83
The series of changes that shape the animal body.
Morphogenesis
84
Cells rearrange in three-dimensional space and an embryo with multiple cell layers forms. The first opening is the ______.
Blastopore
85
Gastrulation forms two germ layer, ectoderm and endoderm, in here.
Diploblasts
86
Form three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Triploblasts
87
The mouth forms from the blastopore in ______(first mouth) and from the second embryonic opening in _________ (second mouth).
Protostomes Deuterostomes
88
Rei
89
Germs of the embryonic germ layers develop into rudimentary body organs during _______.
Organogenesis
90
Cells. of each of the germ layers undergo _______- they specialize in structure and function based on a determined fate.
Differentiation
91
When animals undergo substantial change in form or structure after hatching or birth.
Metamorphosis
92
An evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events.
Heterochrony
93
When the timing of reproductive development is faster than development of non-reproductive eggs, heterochrony can lead to _________.
Paedomorphosis
94
Master regulatory genes that determine the spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi.
Homeotic genes
95
Provide information about spatial organization in developing animal embryos.
Hox genes
96
Some organisms develop body plans with serial repetition of body parts.
Metamerism
97
A body condition in which meters are grouped together for specific functions.
Tagmatization
98
Causes malformations in organisms.
Parasite
99
At each increasing level of the hierarchy, new interactions and features of complex systems become apparent that were absent from the previous level.
Emergent Properties
100
Levels of Biological Organization big scale:
Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere
101
Levels of Biological Organization small scale:
Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs
102
Research that focuses on how an organism survives challenges in its environment based on its anatomy physiology and behavior.
Organismal Ecology
103
Studies the factors that influence population. size and how or why it changes over time.
Population ecology
104
Studies how interactions between different species affect their distribution and abundance.
Community ecology
105
Studies energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and their environment
Ecosystem ecology
106
Includes all organisms living in an area and the non-living factors with which they interact.
Ecosystem
107

Biology (12 decks)

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