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Biology > Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 5 > Flashcards

Organisms to Ecosystems Exam 5 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Sexual selection

A

Occurs when individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others of the same sex to obtain mates.

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2
Q

Balancing selection

A

Occurs when variation is preserved at a locus, maintaining two or more phenotypes in a population.

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3
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

A form of balancing election in which the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency in the population.

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4
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

A form of balancing election in which heterozygotes for a particular locus have greater fitness than both homozygotes.

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5
Q

Sick-cell disease is caused by a mutation at a single allele. This sickle-cell allele is maintain in some populations through _________.

A

Heterozygote advantage

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6
Q

Community ecology

A

Examines how interactions between different species affect their distribution and abundance.

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7
Q

Community

A

Includes populations of different species living in close enough proximity to interact with one another.

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8
Q

Trophic structure

A

Ecological communities are characterized by. attributes such. as their diversity and the feeding relation ships among species.

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9
Q

Species diversity

A

Includes the total variety of different organisms present.

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10
Q

What are the two components of species diversity?

A

Species richness and relative abundance.

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11
Q

Shannon diversity index

A

(H) is used to calculate the diversity of a community based on both species richness and relative abundance.

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12
Q

Introduced species

A

Organisms that have been moved to new regions outside of their original range.

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13
Q

Trophic structure

A

Describes the feeding relationships between organisms in a community.

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14
Q

Energy is transferred from ________ to __________ to _____, ______,______ to decomposers.

A

Primary producers
Primary consumers
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary consumers

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15
Q

What is an example of a primary producer?

A

Plants and other autotrophs

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16
Q

What is an example of a primary consumer?

A

Herbivores

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17
Q

What are examples of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary consumers?

A

Carnivores

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18
Q

Food chain

A
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19
Q

Trophic Level

A

Position of an organism in the food chain, referred to as their trophic level

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20
Q

Food-web

A

Multiple food chains are linked together to form a food web.

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21
Q

Bottom-up model

A

For community organization states that lower. trophic levels have influence on higher trophic levels but not vice nersa.

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22
Q

Foundation species

A

Have large effects within their communities because of their high abundance and often large size. They often provide habitat or food for other species.

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23
Q

Keystone species

A

Have large effects within their communities although. they are not usually abundant. Often they have important ecological roles that. influence community structure.

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24
Q

Ecosystem engineers

A

Influence their communities by changing the physical environment.

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25
Pathogens
Disease causing organisms. They can change community structure dramatically.
26
Zoonotic Pathogens
Transferred from other animals to humans, sometimes. through an intermediate species referred to as a vector.
27
Vector
Intermediate species that transfer zoonotic pathogens to humans.
28
Interspecific interactions
Relationships between individuals of two or more species in the community. Positive, negative, or neutral effects on the survival and reproduction of the species involved.
29
Competition
Occurs when individuals compete for resources that limit survival and reproduction of both species (-/-).
30
Competitive exclusion
When the inferior competitor is eventually eliminated from the area because limited resources prevent them from coexisting.
31
Ecological niche
The specific set of biotic and abiotic resources an organism uses in its environment.
32
Resource partitioning
Two or more ecologically similar species can coexist in communities if they exhibit resource partitioning- differentiation of their niches.
33
Character displacement
Can occur when traits diverge in geographically overlapping populations of two species compared o populations of those species living in different areas.
34
Fundamental niche
The set of conditions that a species could potentially occupy.
35
Realized niche
The portion of the fundamental niche where it actually occurs (competition can lead to a different realized niche).
36
Exploitation
A term for any +/- interaction in which individuals of one species benefit by feeding on individuals of another species.
37
Predation
A predator killing and eating its prey. (+/-)
38
Cryptic coloration
A defensive adaptation of prey, camouflage making them hard to see.
39
Aposematic coloration
A defensive adaptation of prey, warning coloration in animals with chemical defenses, honest signal.
40
Bayesian mimicry
A defensive adaptation of prey, when a harmless species. resembles a harmful or bad-tasting species.
41
Herbivory
One organism (the herbivore) eats parts or algae, usually not causing mortality, is a form of exploitation (+/-).
42
Parasitism
One organism (the parasite) obtains nourishment from another organism (the host), which is harmed by the interaction, is a form of exploitation: (+/-)
43
Endoparasites
Live and feed within the body of their hosts.
44
Ectoparasites
Live and feed on the external surface of their host.
45
Parasitoid insects
Lay their eggs on or inside living hosts.
46
Pathogens
Disease causing organisms.
47
Commensalism
One type of positive interaction in which one individual benefits and neither is harmed (+/o).
48
Positive interaction
A relationship between organisms where at least one organism benefits from the interaction with no harm caused to either participant.
49
Mutualism
Species interaction in which both members of the interaction benefit (+/+).
50
Lichen
Close association between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism (algae or cyanobacteria).
51
Mycorrhizal
Associates with vascular plants in root systems, fungi form.
52
Endophytes
Fungi or bacteria that live inside plant leaves or other structures and may benefit plants by keeping herbivores away or increasing tolerance to drought, heat, or pathogens.
53
Non-equilibrium model
Most communities are constantly changing after disturbance.
54
Disturbance
An even that disrupts a community and alters the distribution of living and non-living resources.
55
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
States that moderate levels of disturbance allows for higher species diversity than high or low levels of disturbance.
56
Ecological succession
After a disturbance, the transition in the species composition of a community is referred to as ecological succession.
57
Primary succession
Involves the colonization of a virtually lifeless area by new species.
58
Secondary succession
Includes the recolonization of an area after a major disturbance has removed most, but not all, species in the community.
59
Life history
An organism includes the traits that affect the pattern of reproductive events and survival.
60
Trade-offs
Unescapable compromises between traits because they must perform different functions and are limited by available resources.
61
r-selection
Selection for traits that maximize reproductive success at low population densities.
62
K-selection
Selection for traits that maximize reproductive success at high population densities.
63
Density-independent
A factor that does not change with population density.
64
Density-dependent
Factors that increase or decrease as population changes. Factors can regulate populations through negative feedback.
65
Territoriality
Defense of an area against other individuals-competition for space.
66
Allelopthy
The release of chemicals that inhibits growth of other plants.
67
Variation
Multiple phenotypes are found within a species which compete with one another for resources.
68
Heritability
Each phenotype is dependent, at least partially, on an underlying genotype, which is passed on to the offspring of individuals expressing that phenotype.
69
Differential Fitness
Individuals with some phenotypes produce more offspring than others, leading to a shift in the relative numbers of individuals with each genotypes (and it's expressed phenotype) in the next generation.
70
Genetic variation
Describes the differences among individuals in their genes or DNA sequences.
71
Mutation
Change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.
72
Neutral variation
Arises from mutations in non-coding regions or mutations that do not alter the protein.
73
Phenotype
The observable physical traits of an organism.
74
Allele
Any version or form of a gene that may result in a difference in phenotype. A diploid. organism has two alleles for each gene.
75
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism.
76
Heterozygotes
Individuals with two different alleles for a gene.
77
Homozygotes
Individuals with two identical alleles for a gene.
78
Locus
A specific place in the genome.
79
Gene pool
The combination of all copies of very type of allele at every locus in every individuals in a population.
80
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A null model- if a population is in HWE then it is not evolving (at that particular locus). The allele frequencies ad genotype frequencies will stay the same from generation to generation.
81
The expected frequencies of the _______gentoypes in the next generation are p^2 and q^2.
Homozygous genotypes
82
The expected frequency of the ________ genotype is 2pq.
Heterozygous genotype
83
Genetic drift
Strong effects in small populations
84
Gene flow and selection
Alter allele frequencies directly and the most substantially- they cause the most evolutionary change.
85
Non-random mating changes______ within a population but alone it does not affect allele frequencies.
Genotype frequencies
86
Inbreeding
Occurs when individuals mate with close relatives.
87
Assortative mating
Th tendency to mate with individuals that have similar (positive) or opposite (negative) phenotypes.
88
Isolation by Distance
A pattern that results when individuals tend to mate with others that are nearby.
89
New alleles that arise through mutations change ________ within a population.
Allele frequencies
90
When populations are small, random chance causes _____ to fluctuate unpredictable from one generation to the next- a process called ______.
Allele frequencies Genetic drift
91
_________can lead to the loss of an allele from a gene pool while another allele becomes fixed at a frequency of 100%.
Genetic drift
92
Founder effect
Occurs when few individuals colonize a new area.
93

Biology (12 decks)

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