Organization

Question 1

Name the 6 main parts of the CNS

Answer 1

1. Spinal cord
2. Medulla
3. Pons/Cerebellum
4. Midbrain
5. Diencephalon (Hypo/thalamus)
6. Cerebral hemispheres

Question 2

Name the 2 parts of the forebrain

Answer 2

Telencephalon & diencephalon

Question 3

Name the 3 parts of the hindbrain

Answer 3

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 4

2 types of astrocytes and location

Answer 4

Protoplasmic: gray matter
Fibrous: white matter

Question 5

6 mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate GABA & Glu transmission

Answer 5

1. Express transporters for GABA and Glu reuptake
2. Control spillover into extracellular space
3. Prevent excitotoxicity bc of overflow
4. Release Glu to modulate transmission
5. Express GABA & Glu
6. NT release increases calcium levels in astrocytes which spreads through gap junctions

Question 6

3 things activated microglia do

Answer 6

1. Expand processes
2. Move toward lesion
3. Release cytokines

Question 7

3 markers of asymmetric synapses

Answer 7

1. Small round vesicles
2. Dense material on post synapse
3. Usually excitatory

Question 8

2 markers of symmetric synapse

Answer 8

1. Clusters of flattened vesicles

2. Usually inhibitory

Question 9

3 types of neurotransmitters

Answer 9

1. Amino acids
2. Amines
3. Peptides

Question 10

Example of amino acid NT

Answer 10

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine

Question 11

Example of amine NT

Answer 11

Ach
DA
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Serotonin

Question 12

Example of peptide NT

Answer 12

CCK
Dynorphin
Neuropeptide Y

Question 13

What are neuromodulators?

Answer 13

Peptide NTs that do not act directly but rather increase or decrease the action of NTs

Question 14

Tectum contains 2 things

Answer 14

Superior & inferior colliculi

Question 15

Tegmentum contains

Answer 15

Substantia nigra

Question 16

Cerebellum has how many nuclei?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

Structures of the striatum

Answer 17

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Question 18

4 Structures of Basal Ganglia

Answer 18

Striatum
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Nucleus Accumbens

Question 19

4 places fornix goes to

Answer 19

Mammillary body
Septal nuclei
Basal forebrain regions
Cingulate gyrus

Question 20

Caudate nucleus an putamen form

Answer 20

Dorsal striatum

Question 21

What is massa intermedia

Answer 21

Bundle of axons connecting left and right thalamus

Question 22

What is the anterior limit of the hypothalamus

Answer 22

Preoptic area/optic chiasma

Question 23

What is the posterior limit of the hypothalamus

Answer 23

Mammillary body

Question 24

What is the pineal gland

Answer 24

Gland dorsal outgrowth of the caudal portion of the diencephalon

Question 25

What does the hypothalamus do in rodents

Answer 25

Regulate seasonal reproduction, circadian rhythm

Question 26

Main source of input to pontine nuclei

Answer 26

Cerebral cortex

Question 27

What did Karl Lashley think about association cortex?

Answer 27

It was basically the same

Question 28

How did Rose & Woolsey organize association cortex? 3 problems with it?

Answer 28

Based on thalamic projections 1. Areas receive multiple inputs 2. Some of their connections were wrong 3. Can't rely on one type of connection to define a region

Question 29

What did Woolsey (monkeys) and Penfield (humans) think of association cortex? Problem?

Answer 29

Took surface recordings. Thought multiple areas were one | Large surface areas don't have detectable activation with surface electrodes

Question 30

How did Allman and Kaas approach association cortex? 2 discoveries?

Answer 30

Took deeper recordings. Found it was topographically organized to 1 modality like primary Discovered middle temporal visual area

Question 31

Name the 3 association cortices

Answer 31

1. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex 2. Superior Temporal Cortex 3. Inferior Parietal Cortex

Question 32

The intermediate zone is for

Answer 32

The sympathetic NS, interneurons that shape motor outputs in response to sensory info

Question 33

Name 3 parts that are not protected by the BBB

Answer 33

Choroids plexus Pineal gland Area postrema

Question 34

What connects Broca's and Wernicke's

Answer 34

The arcuate fasciculus